• Hadrian, who became emperor a year ago on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
• The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
• Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.
• A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.
• Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
• The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
• Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
• Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.
• King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
• Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.
• Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
• A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.

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• Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
• Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
• Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
• Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
• Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.
• The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
• French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
• British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
• The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.

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• Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.
• Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.
• The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.
• The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
• An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
• American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
• As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
• The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.

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• Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
• Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.
• Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death.
• Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming-Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.
• Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. (See Deaths section.)
• A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey.
• Richard III is crowned King of England.
• Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.
• First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.
• Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England.

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• The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
• The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.
• Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka.
• John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
• The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.
• The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
• In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.
• The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins.
• The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.
• War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence.
• War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.
• Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng.

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• Pactum Sicardi, a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed.
• Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.
• A supernova, called SN 1054, is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
• Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.
• The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
• Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.
• Ottoman-Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.
• The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada).
• Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts.

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• Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
• Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792.
• Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.
• French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.
• Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published.
• American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• American Revolutionary War: Iroquois allied to Britain kill 360 people in the Wyoming Valley massacre.
• The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.
• The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students.
• Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies.

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• Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
• Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
• In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an.
• Battle of Brissarthe: The Franks led by Robert the Strong are defeated by a joint Breton-Viking army.
• King Henry the Fowler dies in his royal palace in Memleben. He is succeeded by his son Otto I, who becomes the ruler of East Francia.
• The Byzantine army proclaims Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.
• The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.
• Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes Voivode of Moldavia.
• Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola.
• Menas, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.
• Battle of Yamazaki: Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats Akechi Mitsuhide.

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• Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
• Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Ostrogoth king, Totila, is mortally wounded.
• Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I.
• Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall.
• Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.
• Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
• First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians ("divines") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London.
• Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
• François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.
• Lexell's Comet is seen closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 astronomical units (2,180,000 km; 1,360,000 mi).

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• Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
• The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
• Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
• King Henry II of France is mortally wounded in a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery.
• The Spanish held Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico having been besieged for fifteen days, surrenders to an English force under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.
• The University of Tartu was founded.
• The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.
• Seven Years' War: Habsburg Austrian forces destroy a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy in the Battle of Domstadtl, helping to expel Prussian King Frederick the Great from Moravia.
• Northwest Indian War: Native American forces under Blue Jacket attack Fort Recovery.
• French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.
• The 1860 Oxford evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History takes place.

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