A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Vetranio proclaims himself Caesar after being encouraged to do so by Constantina, sister of Constantius II.
• Emperor Louis the Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire.
• Forces of the Catholic Monarchs engage the combined Portuguese-Castilian armies of Afonso V and Prince John at the Battle of Toro.
• Sixty-three Huguenots are massacred in Wassy, France, marking the start of the French Wars of Religion.
• Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.
• Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and Tituba are brought before local magistrates in Salem Village, Massachusetts, beginning what would become known as the Salem witch trials.
• The Articles of Confederation goes into effect in the United States.
• The first United States census is authorized.
• The Dutch East India Company is nationalized by the Batavian Republic.
• Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted at the end of his impeachment trial by the U.S. Senate.

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• The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
• Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on the order of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
• The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh.
• Elias Lönnrot signed and dated the first version of the Kalevala, the so-called foreword to the Old Kalevala.
• The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence.
• The Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.
• February 28 Incident: In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with the loss of an estimated 30,000 civilians.
• Christiansborg Cross-Roads shooting in the Gold Coast, when a British police officer opens fire on a march of ex-servicemen, killing three of them and sparking major riots and looting in Accra.
• A school bus in Floyd County, Kentucky hits a wrecker truck and plunges down an embankment into the rain-swollen Levisa Fork river. The driver and 26 children die in what remains one of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history.
• Discoverer 1, an American spy satellite that is the first object intended to achieve a polar orbit, is launched but fails to achieve orbit.
• A NASA T-38 Talon crashes into the McDonnell Aircraft factory while attempting a poor-visibility landing at Lambert Field, St. Louis, killing astronauts Elliot See and Charles Bassett.

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• Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity.
• The University of Constantinople is founded by Emperor Theodosius II at the urging of his wife Aelia Eudocia.
• The Treaty of Berwick is signed by England and the Lords of the Congregation of Scotland, establishing the terms under which English armed forces were to be permitted in Scotland in order to expel occupying French troops.
• Henry IV is crowned King of France.
• Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia sign the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War and shutting Russia out of the Baltic Sea.
• Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after leading the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in North Carolina breaks up a Loyalist militia.
• American Revolutionary War: The House of Commons of Great Britain votes against further war in America.
• Pursuant to the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress.
• Action of 27 February 1809: Captain Bernard Dubourdieu captures HMS Proserpine.
• Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina in the city of Rosario for the first time.
• Poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire.
• The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

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• Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman emperor.
• Battle of Benevento: An army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by Manfred, King of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.
• The Janszoon voyage of 1605-06 becomes the first European expedition to set foot on Australia, although it is mistaken as a part of New Guinea.
• Galileo Galilei is formally banned by the Roman Catholic Church from teaching or defending the view that the earth orbits the sun.
• The British East India Company factory on Balambangan Island is destroyed by Moro pirates.
• The first Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen burns down.
• Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from exile on the island of Elba.
• The Beach Pneumatic Transit in New York City, intending as a demonstration for a subway line opens.
• Japan and Korea sign the Treaty of Kangwha, which grants Japanese citizens extraterritoriality rights in Korea, opens three Korean ports to Japanese trade, and ends Korea's status as a tributary state of Qing dynasty China.
• Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, is first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London.
• HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
• President Calvin Coolidge signs legislation establishing the 96,000 acres (390 km2) Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming.

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• Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
• Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
• Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights.
• Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.
• Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843).
• Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress.
• In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight.
• German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia.
• Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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• King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
• The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
• King Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated at Buda.
• A Spanish-Austrian army defeats a French army at the Battle of Pavia.
• Coronation of Ferdinand I as the king of Bohemia in Prague.
• Treaty of Nagyvárad between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and King John Zápolya of Hungary and Croatia.
• With the papal bull Inter gravissimas, Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.
• The last battle of the Cudgel War was fought on the Santavuori Hill in Ilmajoki, Ostrobothnia.
• L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, one of the first works recognized as an opera, receives its première performance.
• Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, is premièred.

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• Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia.
• Khosrow II, last Sasanian shah of Iran, is overthrown.
• Empress Wu Zetian abdicates the throne, restoring the Tang dynasty.
• Traditionally the date of publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type.
• Berbice slave uprising in Guyana: The first major slave revolt in South America.
• American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to help to train the Continental Army.
• Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed and the conspirators arrested.
• Texas Revolution: The Siege of the Alamo (prelude to the Battle of the Alamo) begins in San Antonio, Texas.
• Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista: In Mexico, American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
• The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
• President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.
• Reconstruction Era: Post-U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.

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• Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14-20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
• The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdinand of Majorca and the forces of Matilda of Hainaut, ends in victory for Ferdinand.
• Robert II becomes King of Scotland, beginning the Stuart dynasty.
• King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne.
• Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the dedicatee, receives the first printed copy of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems .
• War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon causes several Royal Navy captains to be court-martialed, and the Articles of War to be amended.
• The last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales.
• By the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars.
• Mexican-American War: The Battle of Buena Vista: Five thousand American troops defeat 15,000 Mexican troops.
• The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins.
• The United States Republican Party opens its first national convention in Pittsburgh.[citation needed]

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• Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
• Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
• The Prussian Confederation is formed.
• Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia.
• A force of 1,400 French soldiers invaded Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists.
• The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales.
• Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia.
• Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is the first periodical to use the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah.
• John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
• American Civil War: Battle of Valverde is fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory.
• Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the first American woman to graduate from dental school.

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• The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
• Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland in lieu of a dowry for Margaret of Denmark.
• Juan Ponce de León sets out from Spain for Florida with about 200 prospective colonists.
• Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
• René-Robert Cavelier establishes Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay thus forming the basis for France's claim to Texas.
• The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by United States President George Washington.
• Louis-Alexandre Berthier removes Pope Pius VI from power.
• Manuel Belgrano defeats the royalist army of Pío de Tristán during the Battle of Salta.
• Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville premieres at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
• The 1835 Concepción earthquake destroys Concepción, Chile.
• Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Kraków to incite a fight for national independence.

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