A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
• The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan idols in the Roman Empire.
• Having already been elected to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa is crowned King of Sweden, having succeeded his father John III of Sweden in 1592.
• The Peruvian stratovolcano Huaynaputina explodes in the most violent eruption in the recorded history of South America.
• The Second Battle of Guararapes takes place, effectively ending Dutch colonization efforts in Brazil.
• England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England.
• Great Northern War: The battle of Napue between Sweden and Russia is fought in Isokyrö, Ostrobothnia.
• The Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia.
• Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason in Wakefield, Alabama and confined to Fort Stoddert.
• British explorer William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands and claims them in the name of King George III.

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• The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
• The Battle of Wesenberg is fought between the Livonian Order and Dovmont of Pskov.
• Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.
• George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.
• Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
• The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.)
• Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana).
• Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau.
• In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
• With Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy.
• Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.
• John Tunstall is murdered by outlaw Jesse Evans, sparking the Lincoln County War in Lincoln County, New Mexico.

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• Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of Bayezid I, becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire with the support of Mircea I of Wallachia.
• Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt.
• On his way to be burned at the stake for heresy, at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, the philosopher Giordano Bruno has a wooden vise put on his tongue to prevent him continuing to speak.
• Myles Standish is appointed as first military commander of the English Plymouth Colony in North America.
• Sixteen men of Pascual de Iriate's expedition are lost at Evangelistas Islets at the western end of the Strait of Magellan.
• The Battle of Vasai commences as the Marathas move to invade Portuguese-occupied territory.
• In Sweden February 17 is followed by March 1 as the country moves from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar.
• 1800 United States presidential election: An tie in the Electoral College between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.
• War of the Sixth Coalition: The Battle of Mormant.

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• Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
• Dutch forces led by Hendrick Lonck capture Olinda in what was to become part of Dutch Brazil.
• Battle of Torrington, Devon: The last major battle of the first English Civil War.
• First Leopoldine Diploma is issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, recognizing the Greek Catholic clergy enjoyed the same privileges as Roman Catholic priests in the Principality of Transylvania.
• Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes British Prime Minister.
• Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) falls to the British, completing their invasion of Ceylon.
• First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia.
• American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Donelson, Tennessee.
• Spencer Compton Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington becomes British Secretary of State for War.
• The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated by Act of Parliament at Ottawa (44th Vic., c.1).
• Iceland's first football club, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, is founded.
• The Council of Lithuania unanimously adopts the Act of Independence, declaring Lithuania an independent state.
• Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

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• Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus
• Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.
• Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberios III publicly executed in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.
• At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles, Arduin of Ivrea is restored to his domains and crowned King of Italy.
• Pope Paschal II issues Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, recognizing the Order of Hospitallers.
• During the Anglo-French War (1213-1214), an English invasion force led by John, King of England, lands at La Rochelle in France.
• While on board the Niña, Christopher Columbus writes an open letter (widely distributed upon his return to Portugal) describing his discoveries and the unexpected items he came across in the New World.
• Constantin Cantemir, Prince of Moldavia, and the Holy Roman Empire sign a secret treaty in Sibiu, stipulating that Moldavia would support the actions led by the House of Habsburg against the Ottoman Empire.
• The city of St. Louis is established in Spanish Louisiana (now in Missouri, USA).
• The Roman Republic is proclaimed after Louis-Alexandre Berthier, a general of Napoleon, had invaded the city of Rome five days earlier.
• Serbia's Sretenje Constitution briefly comes into effect.
• American Civil War: Confederates commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd attack General Ulysses S. Grant's Union forces besieging Fort Donelson in Tennessee. Unable to break the fort's encirclement, the Confederates surrender the following day.

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• Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt.
• Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages.
• Pope Benedict VIII crowns Henry of Bavaria, King of Germany and of Italy, as Holy Roman Emperor.
• The troubled 1130 papal election exposes a rift within the College of Cardinals.
• Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remaining Jews are forcibly removed from Strasbourg.
• Spanish conquistadores, led by Nuño de Guzmán, overthrow and execute Tangaxuan II, the last independent monarch of the Tarascan state in present-day central Mexico.
• Having been declared a heretic and laicized by Pope Paul IV on 4 December 1555, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is publicly defrocked at Christ Church Cathedral.
• Coronation of Akbar as ruler of the Mughal Empire.
• The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655.
• The United States flag is formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when French Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte renders a nine gun salute to USS Ranger, commanded by John Paul Jones.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Kettle Creek is fought in Georgia.
• James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent: John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent) and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson) lead the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar.

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• Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
• The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
• The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
• Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
• Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
• Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• The Clergy Act becomes law, excluding bishops of the Church of England from serving in the House of Lords.
• With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War.
• William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
• Massacre of Glencoe: Almost 80 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
• Parliament of Negrete between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1723-26.
• Treaty of Giyanti signed by VOC, Pakubuwono III and Prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divides the Javanese kingdom of Mataram into two: Sunanate of Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
• The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
• Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta ends with the capitulation of the defending fortress, effectively bringing an end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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• The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen-Geist Spital in Vienna.
• English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings.
• Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.
• Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.
• Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
• Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.
• The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
• Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah.
• Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.
• An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.
• Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
• The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.

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• Guo Wei, a court official, leads a military coup and declares himself emperor of the new Later Zhou.
• Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England.
• A naval expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived Spanish settlements in the Strait of Magellan.
• Sir Francis Drake with an English force captures and occupies the Spanish colonial port of Cartagena de Indias for two months, obtaining a ransom and booty.
• The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.
• First session of United States Senate opens to the public.
• Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry is accused of "gerrymandering" for the first time.
• Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.
• University College London is founded as University of London.
• Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France.

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• Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
• In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparking the revolution in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
• The St Scholastica Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India.
• Lord Darnley, second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is found strangled following an explosion at the Kirk o' Field house in Edinburgh, Scotland, a suspected assassination.
• Huilliches in Chiloé rebel against Spanish encomenderos.
• French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Quebec to Great Britain.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Champaubert ends in French victory over the Russians and the Prussians.
• Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
• First Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Sobraon: British defeat Sikhs in the final battle of the war.
• Jefferson Davis is notified by telegraph that he has been chosen as provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: A Union naval flotilla destroys the bulk of the Confederate Mosquito Fleet in the Battle of Elizabeth City on the Pasquotank River in North Carolina.

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