• Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
• Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
• John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage).
• Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest.
• Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
• An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.

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• Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
• Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I.
• First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany.
• The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England.
• The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch.
• Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land.
• Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia.
• During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Tögüs Temür, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
• Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
• The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta.
• Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.

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• Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
• Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
• Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men - by 1536 only 4 survive.
• George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason.
• Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled.
• Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.
• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve (1612-1676) founds the Ville Marie de Montréal.
• Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria in the Battle of Zusmarshausen.
• Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River.
• Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France
• French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison.
• The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement.
• Muhammad Ali becomes Wāli of Egypt.
• Emperor Napoleon I orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.
• Occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian.

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• Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
• Having been elected on May 9, Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
• Gov. Thado of Mohnyin becomes king of Ava.
• The Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes itself as a republic.
• Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• Santiago de Vera becomes sixth Governor-General of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
• The Battle of Vasai concludes as the Marathas defeat the Portuguese army.
• The 14-year-old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, who later becomes king of France.
• The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The "Regulators", occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.
• Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.

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• Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.
• King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.
• Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
• Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Müntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• Cape Cod sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.
• Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
• The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.
• Opening of the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
• Francis Baily observes "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse.
• The Sicilian revolution of 1848 is finally extinguished.

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• Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
• The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
• Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.
• Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.
• English colonists establish "James Fort," which would become Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.
• The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.
• Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot François Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.
• Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.

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• Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
• Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
• Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus; she is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.
• Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded in Kraków.
• Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
• The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan kills all the officials invited to a banquet and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor.
• National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.
• French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.
• London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the Privy Council for libel.
• Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Heinrich XI, count of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, is elevated to Prince by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.

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• Constantinople is consecrated.
• A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it the oldest known dated printed book.
• War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• Robert Gray commands the first expedition to sail into the Columbia River.
• Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
• William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement.
• President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of War against Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War.
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.

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• Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England pending the selection of a king.
• Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands and names them Las Tortugas after the numerous turtles there.
• Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland.
• King Narai nominates Phetracha as regent, leading to the revolution of 1688 in which Phetracha becomes king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
• Rioting occurs in London after John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton severely criticizing King George III.
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.
• American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga.
• American Revolutionary War: The Second Continental Congress takes place in Philadelphia.
• War of the First Coalition: Napoleon wins a victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men.
• First Barbary War: The Barbary pirates of Tripoli declare war on the United States of America.
• The National Gallery in London opens to the public.
• A revolt broke out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who had desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.
• Panic of 1837: New York City banks suspend the payment of specie, triggering a national banking crisis and an economic depression whose severity was not surpassed until the Great Depression.

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• Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
• England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.
• Hernando de Alarcón sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.
• The figure who later became Mr. Punch makes his first recorded appearance in England.
• Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
• Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.
• Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.
• American Civil War: Nathan Bedford Forrest surrenders his forces at Gainesville, Alabama.
• American Civil War: President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation ending belligerent rights of the rebels and enjoining foreign nations to intern or expel Confederate ships.

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