A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution.
• Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Lake Köyliö.
• The first English parliament to include not only Lords but also representatives of the major towns holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now commonly known as the "Houses of Parliament".
• Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.
• Edward Balliol surrenders his claim to the Scottish throne to Edward III in exchange for an English pension.
• Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway.
• Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command of Estácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.
• The Mexican city of León is founded by order of the viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza.
• The High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I begins its proceedings.

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• Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender after a forty-day siege led by Tang dynasty general Ashina She'er, establishing Tang control over the northern Tarim Basin in Xinjiang.
• Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, completing his reconquest of Normandy.
• The Italian Duchy of Mirandola surrenders to the Pope.
• San Agustin Church in Manila is officially completed; it is the oldest church still standing in the Philippines.
• Hämeenlinna (Swedish: Tavastehus) was granted privileges after it separated from the Vanaja parish as its own city in Tavastia.
• John Wilkes is expelled from the British House of Commons for seditious libel.
• Bolle Willum Luxdorph records in his diary that a mail bomb, possibly the world's first, has severely injured the Danish Colonel Poulsen, residing at Børglum Abbey.
• The second group of ships of the First Fleet arrive at Botany Bay.
• The Batavian Republic is proclaimed in the Netherlands, replacing the Dutch Republic.
• An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, crosses the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru.
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy receives its premiere performance.

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• Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
• Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
• Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chinese throne in favour of his son Emperor Qinzong.
• King Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
• Pope Pius IV reopens the Council of Trent for its third and final session.
• Henry Morgan captures Panama.
• Frederick I crowns himself King of Prussia in Königsberg.
• James Cook is the first known European to discover the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
• The first elements of the First Fleet carrying 736 convicts from Great Britain to Australia arrive at Botany Bay.
• Jan Willem Janssens surrenders the Dutch Cape Colony to the British.

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• Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea.
• Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
• During the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.
• Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men.
• England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
• Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle.
• American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens: Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina.
• Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed.
• Mexican War of Independence: In the Battle of Calderón Bridge, a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.
• The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic.
• A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold, part of the Modoc War.
• A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.

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• General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spearthrower Owl of Teotihuacán.
• Gothic War: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.
• Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba.
• Saint Marcellus's flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea.
• Bigod's Rebellion, an armed insurrection attempting to resist the English Reformation, begins.
• Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia, replacing the 264-year-old Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia.
• Philip II becomes King of Spain.
• The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain.
• The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union, paving the way for the creation of Great Britain.
• Forces of the Maratha Empire defeat a 5,000-strong army of the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Narela.

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• Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months.
• King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith".
• Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England in Westminster Abbey, London.
• Truce of Yam-Zapolsky: Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• The British Museum opens to the public.
• American Revolutionary War: New Connecticut (present-day Vermont) declares its independence.
• Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.
• Greek War of Independence: Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly.
• American Civil War: Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union, thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy.
• Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park, London, collapses.

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• King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
• Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary.
• The "Fundamental Orders", the first written constitution that created a government, is adopted in Connecticut.
• The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in India between the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marathas.
• American Revolutionary War: Ratification Day, United States - Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain.
• Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII of Sweden in return for Pomerania.
• Napoleon III of France escapes an assassination attempt made by Felice Orsini and his accomplices in Paris.
• Giacomo Puccini's Tosca opens in Rome.
• An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000 people.
• Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition makes landfall on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.

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• The Nika riots break out, during the racing season at the Hippodrome in Constantinople, as a result of discontent with the rule of the Emperor Justinian I.
• Sicut Dudum, forbidding the enslavement of the Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.
• Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is sentenced to death for treason, on the grounds of having quartered his arms to make them similar to those of the King, Henry VIII of England.
• French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany ends with the French vessel running aground, resulting in over 900 deaths.
• The design of the Greek flag is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
• United States President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina's defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis.
• The steamship Lexington burns and sinks four miles off the coast of Long Island with the loss of 139 lives.
• Dr. William Brydon, an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 4,500 men and 12,000 camp followers when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.
• The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California.
• Establishment of the Colony of Vancouver Island.
• Second Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Chillianwala: British forces retreat from the Sikhs.
• The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C.
• The Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom holds its first meeting.

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• Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
• Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.
• Bayinnaung, who would go on to assemble the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia, is crowned King of Burma.
• The city of Belém, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta, by Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco.
• John Rennie's scheme to defend St Mary's Church, Reculver, founded in 669, from coastal erosion is abandoned in favour of demolition, despite the church being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon architecture and sculpture.
• The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.
• The Palermo rising takes place in Sicily against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• The Royal Aeronautical Society is formed in London.
• Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first imperial coronation in that city in over 200 years.
• The National Trust is founded in the United Kingdom.

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• Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
• Emperor Tai Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty invades the Later Jin, resulting in the destruction of the Later Jin.
• Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia becomes King of Bohemia.
• First recorded lottery in England.
• Arauco War: A Spanish army is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile.
• A powerful earthquake destroys parts of Sicily and Malta.
• The first American life insurance company, the Corporation for Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyterian Ministers and of the Poor and Distressed Widows and Children of the Presbyterian Ministers (now part of Unum Group), is incorporated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manipur.
• William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.

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