• King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
• Peace of Ferrara between Republic of Venice, Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence and House of Gonzaga: ending of the second campaign of the Wars in Lombardy fought until the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which will then guarantee the conditions for the development of the Italian Renaissance.
• The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid.
• Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland.
• Trial of Martin Luther begins its second day during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. He refuses to recant his teachings despite the risk of excommunication.
• Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
• Real Academia de la Historia ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in Madrid.
• American Revolution: The British advancement by sea begins; Paul Revere and other riders warn the countryside of the troop movements.
• The University of Alabama is founded in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
• American victory at the battle of Cerro Gordo opens the way for invasion of Mexico.
• "The Spirits Book" by Allan Kardec is published, marking the birth of Spiritualism in France.
• Battle of Dybbøl: A Prussian-Austrian army defeats Denmark and gains control of Schleswig. Denmark surrenders the province in the following peace settlement.

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• Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
• The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan II.
• Kaunas Castle falls to the Teutonic Order after a month-long siege.
• Spain and Christopher Columbus sign the Capitulations of Santa Fe for his voyage to Asia to acquire spices.
• Trial of Martin Luther over his teachings begins during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. Initially intimidated, he asks for time to reflect before answering and is given a stay of one day.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano reaches New York harbor.
• Sir Ralph Abercromby attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico, in what would be one of the largest invasions of the Spanish territories in the Americas.
• Citizens of Verona begin an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
• The state of Virginia's secession convention votes to secede from the United States, later becoming the eighth state to join the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins: Troops under Union Army Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.

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• Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
• Masada, a Jewish fortress, falls to the Romans after several months of siege, ending the First Jewish-Roman War.
• Stefan Dušan, "the Mighty", is crowned Emperor of the Serbs at Skopje, his empire occupying much of the Balkans.
• The Revolt of the Comuneros begins in Spain against the rule of Charles V.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.
• The Battle of Culloden is fought between the French-supported Jacobites and the British Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, in Scotland. After the battle many highland traditions were banned and the Highlands of Scotland were cleared of inhabitants.
• Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg founds the University of Münster.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Mount Tabor: Napoleon drives Ottoman Turks across the River Jordan near Acre.
• The United States Senate ratifies the Rush-Bagot Treaty, limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.
• The French Army captures Veracruz in the Pastry War.
• Shooting of a Māori by an English sailor results in the opening of the Wanganui Campaign of the New Zealand Wars.
• The Great Indian Peninsula Railway opens the first passenger rail in India, from Bori Bunder to Thane.
• The Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is wound up.
• American Civil War: Battle at Lee's Mills in Virginia.
• American Civil War: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia, becomes law.

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• The Lateran Council condemns the Council of Hieria and anathematizes its iconoclastic rulings.
• Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Terek River. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the throne.
• Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
• Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of a Royalist Army.
• The Pocotaligo Massacre triggers the start of the Yamasee War in colonial South Carolina.
• Foundation of the Kingdom of Corsica.
• Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, receives its premiere performance in London, England.
• Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language is published in London.
• Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc found the American School for the Deaf, the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers to quell the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War.
• President Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President upon Lincoln's death.
• The General Electric Company is formed.
• Closing ceremony of the Games of the I Olympiad in Athens, Greece.

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• Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum to take power over Rome.
• After his marriage to the Christian Doubravka of Bohemia, the pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converts to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
• Co-Emperor Otto II, a son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu. She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome.
• Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
• In England, the Yorkists under Edward IV defeat the Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick at the Battle of Barnet; the Earl is killed and Edward IV resumes the throne.
• A celestial phenomenon is reported over Nuremberg, described as an aerial battle.
• Bussa, a slave in British-ruled Barbados, leads a slave rebellion. For this, he is remembered as the first national hero of Barbados.
• Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader.
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is shot in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth; Lincoln lives till the following day.
• U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked at home by Lewis Powell.

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• Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
• Miyamoto Musashi defeats Sasaki Kojirō at Funajima island.
• Samuel Argall, having captured Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia, sets off with her to Jamestown with the intention of exchanging her for English prisoners held by her father.
• The Sikh religion was formalised as the Khalsa – the brotherhood of Warrior-Saints – by Guru Gobind Singh in northern India, in accordance with the Nanakshahi calendar.
• George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah makes its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland.
• American Revolutionary War: American forces are ambushed and defeated in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey.
• The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 gives Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom the right to vote and to sit in Parliament.
• Lajos Kossuth presents the Hungarian Declaration of Independence in a closed session of the National Assembly.
• American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.
• American Civil War: Raleigh, North Carolina is occupied by Union Forces.
• The New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.
• The Colfax massacre, in which more than 60 black men are murdered, takes place.
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre: British Indian Army troops lead by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer killed approx 379-1000 unarmed demonstrators including men and women in Amritsar, India; and approximately 1,500 injured.

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• Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
• Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
• War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrarese forces led by Gaston de Foix and Alfonso I d'Este win the Battle of Ravenna against the Papal-Spanish forces.
• Italian War of 1542-46: A French army defeats Habsburg forces at the Battle of Ceresole, but fails to exploit its victory.
• William III and Mary II are crowned as joint sovereigns of Great Britain.
• War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War): Treaty of Utrecht.
• Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
• An incomplete British victory over the French fleet at the Battle of the Basque Roads results in the court-martial of James, Lord Gambier.
• The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time.
• Second Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaría burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.
• Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
• The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized.
• Spelman College is founded in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, an institute of higher education for African-American women.
• SMS Blücher, the last armored cruiser to be built by the Imperial German Navy, is launched.

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• Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. Three years later, he would be deposed due to alleged heresy.
• Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
• Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama visits the Ming dynasty capital at Nanjing. He is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
• Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
• The settlement of Villa Imperial de Carlos V (now the city of Potosí) in Bolivia is founded after the discovery of huge silver deposits in the area.
• The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
• The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
• Robert Walpole resigns from the British government, commencing the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.
• War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia gains control of Silesia at the Battle of Mollwitz.
• Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.
• The Mount Tambora volcano begins a three-month-long eruption, lasting until July 15. The eruption ultimately kills 71,000 people and affects Earth's climate for the next two years.
• The Federal government of the United States approves the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.
• Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.
• The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.

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• The distinguished soldier Septimus Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
• Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
• Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges is forced into a stalemate.
• Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
• Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
• Despite being outnumbered 16 to 1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
• The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.
• Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
• Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
• Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.

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• Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
• The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
• Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Innocent II for supporting Anacletus II as pope for seven years, even though Roger had already publicly recognized Innocent's claim to the papacy.
• Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.
• Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols begin their siege on Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty.
• Seventh Crusade: Ayyubids of Egypt capture King Louis IX of France in the Battle of Fariskur.
• In Syria, sultan Baibars conquers the Krak des Chevaliers.
• Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
• Czar Alexander I, the Russian Emperor and the Grand Duke of Finland, officially announces the transfer of the status of the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki.
• The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Milos.
• Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
• Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
• William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the British House of Commons.
• In Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. the Supreme Court of the United States declares unapportioned income tax to be unconstitutional.

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