• Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
• Pope John XXII issues his In Agro Dominico condemning some writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical.
• Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León reaches the northern end of The Bahamas on his first voyage to Florida.
• Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France.
• The first of four destructive Calabrian earthquakes strikes southern Italy. Measuring magnitude 6.8 and assigned a Mercalli intensity of XI, it kills 10,000-30,000 people.
• The Second Rockingham ministry assumes office in Great Britain and begins negotiations to end the American War of Independence.
• The United States Government establishes a permanent navy and authorizes the building of six frigates.
• Peninsular War: A combined Franco-Polish force defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Ciudad Real.
• War of 1812: In central Alabama, U.S. forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
• Texas Revolution: On the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican Army massacres 342 Texian Army POWs at Goliad, Texas.
• The first international rugby football match, when Scotland defeats England in Edinburgh at Raeburn Place.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt.
• Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
• Saladin becomes the emir of Egypt.
• The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end.
• Combat of the Thirty: Thirty Breton knights call out and defeat thirty English knights.
• William Caxton prints his translation of Aesop's Fables.
• Guru Amar Das becomes the Third Sikh guru.
• Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
• The Royal Academy of Turku, the first university of Finland, is founded in the city of Turku by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe.
• Silver-loaded Spanish ship San José is pushed south by strong winds, subsequently it wrecks in the coast of southern Chile and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous Cuncos.
• Safavid government troops take control of Basra.
• William Dampier is the first European to circumnavigate New Britain, discovering it is an island (which he names Nova Britannia) rather than part of New Guinea.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
• Romanos Lekapenos seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople and becomes regent of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII.
• Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah assassinates the eunuch chief minister Barjawan and assumes control of the government.
• Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scots (Scotland).
• The Council of Pisa convenes, in an attempt to heal the Western Schism.
• Hernando Cortes, entering province of Tabasco, defeats Tabascan Indians.
• Jerome Savage takes out a sub-lease to start the Newington Butts Theatre outside London.
• Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia.
• Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.
• A French fleet anchors nears Fife Ness as part of the planned French invasion of Britain.
• The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom.
• The Swansea and Mumbles Railway, then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger-carrying railway in the world.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
• English victory over a Franco-Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate.
• Turco-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.[full citation needed]
• James VI of Scotland is proclaimed King James I of England and Ireland, upon the death of Elizabeth I.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei, and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, Japan.
• The Province of Carolina is granted by charter to eight Lords Proprietor in reward for their assistance in restoring Charles II of England to the throne.
• Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated six concertos to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, now commonly called the Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051.
• Great Britain passes the Quartering Act, which requires the Thirteen Colonies to house British troops.
• In Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announces a general uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia, and assumes the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
• Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last religious community to be closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
• The Peace of Longjumeau is signed, ending the second phase of the French Wars of Religion.
• American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech – "Give me liberty, or give me death!" – at St. John's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Virginia.
• Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death inside his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle.
• After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home.
• Greek War of Independence: Battle and fall of city of Kalamata.
• A massive earthquake destroys the former capital Inwa of the Konbaung dynasty, present-day Myanmar.
• The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded.
• Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.
• American Civil War: The First Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Although a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond.
• The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law.
• War of the Pacific: The Battle of Topáter, the first battle of the war is fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru.
• Sino-French War: Chinese victory in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao near Hưng Hóa, northern Vietnam.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
• Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
• Æthelred of Wessex is defeated by a Danish invasion army at the Battle of Marton.
• Battle of Yashima: the Japanese forces of the Taira clan are defeated by the Minamoto clan.
• Vox in excelso: Pope Clement V dissolves the Order of the Knights Templar.
• Ferdinand II of Aragon commissions Amerigo Vespucci chief navigator of the Spanish Empire.
• The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
• Jamestown massacre: Algonquians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony's population, during the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables.
• Anne Hutchinson is expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious dissent.
• Nader Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city, stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne.
• The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act that introduces a tax to be levied directly on its American colonies.
• The Emerald Buddha is moved with great ceremony to its current location in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand.
• The Slave Trade Act of 1794 bans the export of slaves from the United States, and prohibits American citizens from outfitting a ship for the purpose of importing slaves.
• In the London Protocol, the three protecting powers (United Kingdom, France and Russia) establish the borders of Greece.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.
• Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem.
• Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid.
• Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• On the day of his execution in Oxford, former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer deviates from the scripted sermon by renouncing the recantations he has made and adds, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine."
• A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins.
• With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
• The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis near Alexandria in Egypt.
• Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law.
• Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed Roman emperor.
• Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka.
• The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish noblemen are publicly beheaded in the aftermath of the War against Sigismund (1598-1599).
• The Dutch East India Company is established.
• Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment.
• After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
• German revolutions of 1848-49: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The Byzantine-Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
• A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen ends the Song dynasty in China.
• The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England.
• Frederick III of Habsburg is the last Holy Roman Emperor crowned by medieval tradition in Rome by Pope Nicholas V
• The Edict of Amboise is signed, ending the first phase of the French Wars of Religion and granting certain freedoms to the Huguenots.
• The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring it "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
• Explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle, searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River, is murdered by his own men.
• Charles IV, king of Spain, abdicates after riots and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez. His son, Ferdinand VII, takes the throne.
• The Cortes of Cádiz promulgates the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
• First documented bank heist in U.S. history, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street. Most of the money was recovered.
• The Taiping reform movement occupies and makes Nanjing its capital until 1864.
• The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
• The SS Georgiana, said to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser, is destroyed on her maiden voyage with a cargo of munitions, medicines, and merchandise then valued at over $1,000,000.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins. By the end of the battle two days later, Confederate forces had retreated from Four Oaks, North Carolina.
• Louis Riel declares a provisional government in Saskatchewan, beginning the North-West Rebellion.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (aka Caligula = Little Boots) emperor.
• An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula leaves up to 20,000 dead.
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
• First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city.
• Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
• Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of the Romans.
• Valletta is made the capital city of Malta.
• Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
• The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.
• New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
• American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act.
• The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices