A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Emperor Xian of Han is forced to abdicate the throne by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, ending the Han dynasty.
• Julian enters Constantinople as sole Roman Emperor.
• Assassination of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil by the Turkish guard, who raise al-Muntasir to the throne. Start of the "Anarchy at Samarra".
• Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas is assassinated by his wife Theophano and her lover, the later Emperor John I Tzimiskes.
• Michael V, adoptive son of Empress Zoë of Byzantium, is proclaimed emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Battle of Orewin Bridge: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales, is killed at Cilmeri, near Builth Wells, in mid-Wales.
• A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (Commemorated annually by the Fête de l'Escalade.)
• The Root and Branch petition, signed by 15,000 Londoners calling for the abolition of the episcopacy, is presented to the Long Parliament.
• Antonio de Vea expedition enters San Rafael Lake in western Patagonia.
• Glorious Revolution: James II of England, while trying to flee to France, throws the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames.
• French Revolution: King Louis XVI of France is put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
• The U.S. Senate creates a select committee on finance and a uniform national currency, predecessor of the United States Senate Committee on Finance.
• Indiana becomes the 19th U.S. state.

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• The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle.
• The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.
• Martin Luther burns his copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate.
• Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.
• Defeat at the Battle of Dungeness causes the Commonwealth of England to reform its navy.
• The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter.
• Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
• The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
• France adopts the metre as its official unit of length.
• Mississippi becomes the 20th U.S. state.
• American Civil War: The Confederate States of America accept a rival state government's pronouncement that declares Kentucky to be the 13th state of the Confederacy.
• Forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực, an anti-colonial guerrilla leader in southern Vietnam, sink the French lorcha L'Esperance.

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• Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital.
• Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami.
• The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.
• American Revolutionary War: British troops and Loyalists, misinformed about Patriot militia strength, lose the Battle of Great Bridge, ending British rule in Virginia.
• Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence.
• Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio following the Siege of Béxar.
• The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal.
• The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces.
• American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress.

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• Louis the Stammerer (son of Charles the Bald) is crowned king of the West Frankish Kingdom at Compiègne.
• A woman (either Margaret Hughes or Anne Marshall) appears on an English public stage for the first time, in the role of Desdemona in a production of Shakespeare's play Othello.
• Conservative Santiago-based government troops defeat rebels at the Battle of Loncomilla, signaling the end of the 1851 Chilean Revolution.
• In his Apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogmatic definition of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived free of Original Sin.
• Pope Pius IX promulgates the encyclical Quanta cura and its appendix, the Syllabus of Errors, outlining the authority of the Catholic Church and condemning various liberal ideas.
• King Gustaf V of Sweden accedes to the Swedish throne.
• Leaders of the German Empire hold an Imperial War Council to discuss the possibility that war might break out.
• World War I: A squadron of Britain's Royal Navy defeats the Imperial German East Asia Squadron in the Battle of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.

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• Byzantine Emperor Justin II, suffering recurring seizures of insanity, adopts his general Tiberius and proclaims him as Caesar.
• The Sajid emir of Adharbayjan, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj is defeated and captured by the Qarmatians near Kufa.
• Tumult of Thorn: Religious unrest is followed by the execution of nine Protestant citizens and the mayor of Thorn (Toruń) by Polish authorities.
• The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London, England.
• Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, the only battle of the Upper Canada Rebellion, takes place in Toronto, where the rebels are quickly defeated.
• First concert of the New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill.
• Comparative fuel trials begin between warships HMS Spiteful and HMS Peterel: Spiteful was the first warship powered solely by fuel oil, and the trials led to the obsolescence of coal in ships of the Royal Navy.
• The Parliament of Northern Ireland votes to remain a part of the United Kingdom and not unify with Southern Ireland.
• W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts telecasts video from the CBS radio orchestra program, The Fox Trappers. The telecast also includes the first television advertisement in the United States, for I.J. Fox Furriers, which also sponsored the radio show.

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• Pope Leo VIII is appointed to the office of Protonotary and begins his papacy as antipope of Rome.
• Béla I is crowned king of Hungary.
• Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv under Daniel of Galicia and Voivode Dmytro falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan.
• After exploring island of Cuba for gold, surmising it for Japan, Columbus lands on island similar to Castile, naming it Hispaniola.
• The city of Quito in Ecuador is founded by Spanish settlers led by Sebastián de Belalcázar.
• Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead; came to be known as "Pride's Purge".
• Battle of Chamkaur: During the Mughal-Sikh Wars, an outnumbered Sikh Khalsa defeats a Mughal army.
• Charles Edward Stuart's army begins retreat during the second Jacobite Rising.
• The U.S. Congress moves from New York City to Philadelphia.
• Five French warships attempting to escape the Royal Naval blockade of Saint-Domingue are all seized by British warships, signifying the end of the Haitian Revolution.
• Georgia ratifies the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

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• Fourth Council of Toledo takes place.
• Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated.
• Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
• The first of the two 1456 Central Italy earthquakes measuring Mw  7.2 causes extreme destruction and kills as many as 70,000 people.
• Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
• King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country.
• Charles IX becomes king of France.
• Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan raids Valparaiso.
• The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) was founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.

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• Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne king of the now complete Frankish Kingdom.
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem captures Sidon.
• Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
• The final session of the Council of Trent is held. (It had opened on December 13, 1545.)
• Thirty-eight colonists arrive at Berkeley Hundred, Virginia. The group's charter proclaims that the day "be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God."
• The Royal Danish Army under the command of King Christian V engages the Swedish Army commanded by the Swedish king Charles XI at the Battle of Lund, to this day it is counted as the bloodiest battle in Scandinavian history and a turning point in the Scanian War.
• Charles Edward Stuart's army reaches Derby, its furthest point during the Second Jacobite Rising.
• At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington bids farewell to his officers.
• Mission Santa Barbara is dedicated (on the feast day of Saint Barbara).
• In the face of fierce local opposition, British Governor-General Lord William Bentinck issues a regulation declaring that anyone who abets suttee in Bengal is guilty of culpable homicide.
• The 109 Electors of the several states of the Confederate States of America unanimously elect Jefferson Davis as President and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice President.

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• Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor (probable date).
• American Revolutionary War: USS Alfred becomes the first vessel to fly the Grand Union Flag (the precursor to the Stars and Stripes); the flag is hoisted by John Paul Jones.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden: French General Jean Victor Marie Moreau decisively defeats the Archduke John of Austria near Munich. Coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's earlier victory at Marengo, this will force the Austrians to sign an armistice and end the war.
• United States presidential election: The Electoral College casts votes for president and vice president that resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
• Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
• The Zollverein (German Customs Union) begins the first regular census in Germany.
• Battle of the Eureka Stockade: More than 20 gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.
• The first issue of Tamperean daily newspaper Aamulehti ("Morning Paper") is published.
• The Duquesne Country and Athletic Club defeats an all-star collection of early football players 16-0, in what is considered to be the very first all-star game for professional American football.
• The Jovian moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at California's Lick Observatory.

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• Pope Innocent IV arrives at Lyon for the First Council of Lyon.
• The University of Leipzig opens.
• St Paul's Cathedral, rebuilt to the design of Sir Christopher Wren following the Great Fire of London, is consecrated.
• Swedish parliament approves the Swedish Freedom of the Press Act and implements it as a ground law, thus being first in the world with freedom of speech.
• At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French.
• War of the Third Coalition: Battle of Austerlitz: French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.
• Monroe Doctrine: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James Monroe proclaims American neutrality in future European conflicts, and warns European powers not to interfere in the Americas.
• Manifest Destiny: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James K. Polk proposes that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
• Franz Joseph I becomes Emperor of Austria.
• French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.
• Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French as Napoleon III.
• Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
• Alabama ratifies the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, followed by North Carolina, then Georgia; U.S. slaves were legally free within two weeks.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

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