A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope. During the persecutions of emperor Maximinus Thrax he is martyred.
• Lý Công Uẩn is enthroned as emperor of Đại Cồ Việt, founding the Lý dynasty.
• Timur of Samarkand captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V of Georgia captive.
• The Danish astronomer Ole Rømer presents the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.
• In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes make the first untethered hot air balloon flight.
• North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 12th U.S. state.
• American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War.
• Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound.
• Port Arthur, China, falls to the Japanese, a decisive victory of the First Sino-Japanese War; Japanese troops are accused of massacring the remaining inhabitants.
• Claude Monet's paintings shown at Gallery Durand-Ruel in Paris.
• The Philadelphia Football Athletics defeat the Kanaweola Athletic Club of Elmira, New York, 39-0, in the first-ever professional American football night game.
• Albert Einstein's paper that leads to the mass-energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal Annalen der Physik.
• Sailors on board Brazil's warships including the Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Bahia, violently rebel in what is now known as the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash).

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• Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
• During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
• Palermo is conquered by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
• John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, agree to a truce, but Burgundy would kill Orléans three days later.
• The Peace of Cremona ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, after the victorious Venetian enterprise of military engineering of the Galeas per montes.
• Zumbi, the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares in early Brazil, is executed by the forces of Portuguese bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho.
• Start of the Battle of Porto Bello between British and Spanish forces during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces land at the Palisades and then attack Fort Lee. The Continental Army starts to retreat across New Jersey.
• New Jersey becomes the first U.S. state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
• Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio, premieres in Vienna.
• The Second Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1790 extent, imposing large indemnities, and prolonging the occupation by Allied troops for several more years.
• An 80-ton sperm whale attacks and sinks the Essex (a whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts) 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from the western coast of South America. (Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick was in part inspired by this incident.)
• Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
• American Civil War: A secession ordinance is filed by Kentucky's Confederate government.

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• Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the magister militum Ricimer.
• The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in Iraq.
• Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island called Borinquen he first saw the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed again Puerto Rico).
• The United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign Jay's Treaty, which attempts to resolve some of the lingering problems left over from the American Revolutionary War.
• The Garinagu arrive at British Honduras (present-day Belize).
• Finnish War: The Convention of Olkijoki in Raahe ends hostilities in Finland.
• Warsaw University is established.
• The second Canadian railway line, the Montreal and Lachine Railroad, is opened.
• American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the dedication ceremony for the military cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• A meteorite lands near the village of Grossliebenthal, southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
• Serbo-Bulgarian War: Bulgarian victory in the Battle of Slivnitsa solidifies the unification between the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
• The Doom Bar in Cornwall claims two ships, Island Maid and Angele, the latter killing the entire crew except the captain.
• First Balkan War: The Serbian Army captures Bitola, ending the five-century-long Ottoman rule of Macedonia.

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• The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
• The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
• The Council of Clermont begins: called by Pope Urban II, it led to the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
• Maginulfo is elected the Antipope as Sylvester IV.
• Pope Innocent III excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV.
• Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon.
• Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Unam sanctam, claiming spiritual supremacy for the papacy.
• A dike in the Grote Hollandse Waard in the Netherlands breaks, flooding 72 villages and killing about 10,000 people. This event will be known as St Elizabeth's flood.
• Christopher Columbus first sights the island now known as Puerto Rico.
• French King Charles VIII occupies Florence, Italy.

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• Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November.
• Genpei War: The Battle of Mizushima takes place off the Japanese coast, where Minamoto no Yoshinaka's invasion force is intercepted and defeated by the Taira clan.
• John Balliol becomes King of Scotland.
• Sharif ul-Hāshim establishes the Sultanate of Sulu.
• Henry VIII of England concludes the Treaty of Westminster, a pledge of mutual aid against the French, with Ferdinand II of Aragon.
• Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.
• English explorer, writer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason.
• Articles of Confederation (United States) are submitted to the states for ratification.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of the Bridge of Arcole: French forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
• The United States Congress holds its first session in Washington, D.C.
• Sweden declares war on its ally the United Kingdom to begin the Anglo-Swedish War, although no fighting ever takes place.
• José Miguel Carrera, Chilean founding father, is sworn in as President of the executive Junta of the government of Chile.

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• Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.
• While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
• An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
• Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca.
• American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian units capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
• French Revolution: Ninety dissident Roman Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
• Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern: Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.
• American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
• Greek War of Independence: The London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.
• A Russian court sentences writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group; his sentence is later commuted to hard labor.
• David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls in what is now Zambia-Zimbabwe.

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• Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
• Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morgarten.
• Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: Commanded by Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistadors under Hernando de Soto meet Incan Emperor Atahualpa for the first time outside Cajamarca, arranging for a meeting in the city plaza the following day.
• Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire.
• Rákóczi's War of Independence: The Hapsburg Empire and Denmark win a military victory over the Kurucs from Hungary in the Battle of Zsibó.
• The secondly-built Castellania in Valletta is officially inaugurated with the blessing of the interior Chapel of Sorrows.
• American Revolutionary War: After 16 months of debate the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation.
• Pike Expedition: Lieutenant Zebulon Pike spots a mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is later named Pikes Peak in his honor.
• American Civil War: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman begins his March to the Sea.
• Brazil is declared a republic by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as Emperor Pedro II is deposed in a military coup.
• Harry Turner becomes the first player to die from game-related injuries in the "Ohio League", the direct predecessor to the National Football League.
• Eduskunta declares itself the supreme state power of Finland, prompting its declaration of independence and secession from Russia.
• The first assembly of the League of Nations is held in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The Free City of Danzig is established.
• At least 300 are massacred during a general strike in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

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• German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
• James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
• Napoleonic Wars: At the Battle of Smoliani, French Marshals Victor and Oudinot are defeated by the Russians under General Peter Wittgenstein.
• Moby-Dick, a novel by Herman Melville, is published in the USA.
• Pioneering female journalist Nellie Bly (aka Elizabeth Cochrane) begins a successful attempt to travel around the world in less than 80 days. She completes the trip in 72 days.
• Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performs the first takeoff from a ship in Hampton Roads, Virginia, taking off from a makeshift deck on the USS Birmingham in a Curtiss pusher.
• The Joensuu City Hall, designed by Eliel Saarinen, was inaugurated in Joensuu, Finland.
• The Provisional National Assembly of the new republic of Czechoslovakia meets to devise a constitution.
• The Communist Party of Spain is founded, and issues the first edition of Mundo obrero.
• The British Broadcasting Company begins radio service in the United Kingdom.
• The Lions Gate Bridge, connecting Vancouver to the North Shore region, opens to traffic.
• World War II: In England, Coventry is heavily bombed by German Luftwaffe bombers. Coventry Cathedral is almost completely destroyed.
• World War II: German troops, aided by local auxiliaries, murder nine thousand residents of the Słonim Ghetto in a single day.

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• English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre.
• Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scotland, and his son Edward, are killed.
• Louis VII of France marries Adela of Champagne.
• First English Civil War: Battle of Turnham Green: The Royalist forces withdraw in the face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.
• Jacobite rising in Scotland: Battle of Sheriffmuir: The forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain halt the Jacobite advance, although the action is inconclusive.
• American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under Gen. Richard Montgomery occupy Montreal.
• James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.
• The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, before moving to the other side of Elliott Bay to what would become Seattle.
• American Civil War: The three-day Battle of Bull's Gap ends in a Union rout as Confederates under Major General John C. Breckinridge pursue them to Strawberry Plains, Tennessee.
• The 1901 Caister lifeboat disaster.
• Zaian War: Berber tribesmen inflict the heaviest defeat of French forces in Morocco at the Battle of El Herri.
• World War I: Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
• World War I: beginning of the First Battle of Monte Grappa (in Italy known as the "First Battle of the Piave"). The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces, despite help from the German Alpenkorps and numerical superiority, will fail their offensive against the Italian Army now led by its new chief of staff Armando Diaz.
• World War I: Allied troops occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

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• The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom.
• Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros.
• Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.
• Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.
• Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association.
• Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj.
• Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.
• First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule.
• The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr.
• Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.

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