A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.
• While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
• An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
• Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca.
• American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian units capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
• French Revolution: Ninety dissident Roman Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
• Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern: Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.
• American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
• Greek War of Independence: The London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.
• A Russian court sentences writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group; his sentence is later commuted to hard labor.
• David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls in what is now Zambia-Zimbabwe.

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• Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
• Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morgarten.
• Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: Commanded by Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistadors under Hernando de Soto meet Incan Emperor Atahualpa for the first time outside Cajamarca, arranging for a meeting in the city plaza the following day.
• Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire.
• Rákóczi's War of Independence: The Hapsburg Empire and Denmark win a military victory over the Kurucs from Hungary in the Battle of Zsibó.
• The secondly-built Castellania in Valletta is officially inaugurated with the blessing of the interior Chapel of Sorrows.
• American Revolutionary War: After 16 months of debate the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation.
• Pike Expedition: Lieutenant Zebulon Pike spots a mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is later named Pikes Peak in his honor.
• American Civil War: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman begins his March to the Sea.
• Brazil is declared a republic by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as Emperor Pedro II is deposed in a military coup.
• Harry Turner becomes the first player to die from game-related injuries in the "Ohio League", the direct predecessor to the National Football League.
• Eduskunta declares itself the supreme state power of Finland, prompting its declaration of independence and secession from Russia.
• The first assembly of the League of Nations is held in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The Free City of Danzig is established.
• At least 300 are massacred during a general strike in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

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• German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
• James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile.
• Napoleonic Wars: At the Battle of Smoliani, French Marshals Victor and Oudinot are defeated by the Russians under General Peter Wittgenstein.
• Moby-Dick, a novel by Herman Melville, is published in the USA.
• Pioneering female journalist Nellie Bly (aka Elizabeth Cochrane) begins a successful attempt to travel around the world in less than 80 days. She completes the trip in 72 days.
• Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performs the first takeoff from a ship in Hampton Roads, Virginia, taking off from a makeshift deck on the USS Birmingham in a Curtiss pusher.
• The Joensuu City Hall, designed by Eliel Saarinen, was inaugurated in Joensuu, Finland.
• The Provisional National Assembly of the new republic of Czechoslovakia meets to devise a constitution.
• The Communist Party of Spain is founded, and issues the first edition of Mundo obrero.
• The British Broadcasting Company begins radio service in the United Kingdom.
• The Lions Gate Bridge, connecting Vancouver to the North Shore region, opens to traffic.
• World War II: In England, Coventry is heavily bombed by German Luftwaffe bombers. Coventry Cathedral is almost completely destroyed.
• World War II: German troops, aided by local auxiliaries, murder nine thousand residents of the Słonim Ghetto in a single day.

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• English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre.
• Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scotland, and his son Edward, are killed.
• Louis VII of France marries Adela of Champagne.
• First English Civil War: Battle of Turnham Green: The Royalist forces withdraw in the face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.
• Jacobite rising in Scotland: Battle of Sheriffmuir: The forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain halt the Jacobite advance, although the action is inconclusive.
• American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under Gen. Richard Montgomery occupy Montreal.
• James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.
• The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, before moving to the other side of Elliott Bay to what would become Seattle.
• American Civil War: The three-day Battle of Bull's Gap ends in a Union rout as Confederates under Major General John C. Breckinridge pursue them to Strawberry Plains, Tennessee.
• The 1901 Caister lifeboat disaster.
• Zaian War: Berber tribesmen inflict the heaviest defeat of French forces in Morocco at the Battle of El Herri.
• World War I: Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
• World War I: beginning of the First Battle of Monte Grappa (in Italy known as the "First Battle of the Piave"). The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces, despite help from the German Alpenkorps and numerical superiority, will fail their offensive against the Italian Army now led by its new chief of staff Armando Diaz.
• World War I: Allied troops occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

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• The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom.
• Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros.
• Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.
• Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.
• Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association.
• Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj.
• Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.
• First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule.
• The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr.
• Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.

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• Constantine VIII died, ending his uninterrupted reign as emperor or co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire of 66 years.
• The Fourth Council of the Lateran meets, defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of Christ.
• Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
• Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572.
• Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery.
• Second Battle of Khotyn in Ukraine: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Jan Sobieski defeat the Ottoman army. In this battle, rockets made by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.
• Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = ƒ(x).
• Joseph Blake, alias Blueskin, a highwayman known for attacking "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) Jonathan Wild at the Old Bailey, is hanged in London.

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• Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
• Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang Pu. The Wu State is replaced by Li (now called "Xu Zhigao"), who becomes the first ruler of Southern Tang.
• Fourth Crusade: Despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding it and threatening excommunication, Catholic crusaders begin a siege of Zara (now Zadar, Croatia).
• Raden Wijaya is crowned as the first monarch of Majapahit kingdom of Java, taking the throne name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.
• Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Władysław III of Varna) are defeated by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and Władysław is killed.
• Åbo Bloodbath: Fourteen gentries who opposed Duke Charles were decapitated in the Old Great Square of Turku (Swedish: Åbo) for their involvement in the power struggle between King Sigismund and Duke Charles and the related peasant revolt known as the Cudgel War.
• Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha King kills Afzal Khan, Adilshahi in the battle popularly known as Battle of Pratapgarh.
• Third Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster, Netherlands cedes New Netherland to England.
• English colonists under the command of James Moore besiege Spanish St. Augustine during Queen Anne's War.
• The last colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).
• The United States Marine Corps is founded at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia by Samuel Nicholas.
• A Goddess of Reason is proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of Pierre Gaspard Chaumette.
• Cry of Independence by Rufina Alfaro at La Villa de Los Santos, Panama setting into motion a revolt which led to Panama's independence from Spain and to it immediately becoming part of Colombia.
• The passenger ship Stephen Whitney is wrecked in thick fog off the southern coast of Ireland, killing 92 of the 110 on board. The disaster results in the construction of the Fastnet Rock lighthouse.
• Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming one of only three American Civil War soldiers executed for war crimes.

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• At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
• The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement forced on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by King Edward I of England, brings a temporary end to the Welsh Wars.
• Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gammelsdorf.
• At the Battle of Posada, Basarab I of Wallachia defeats the Hungarian army of Charles I Robert.
• Ulrich II, Count of Celje, last ruler of the County of Cilli, is assassinated in Belgrade.
• More than 50 people are sentenced and executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath.
• Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sight land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
• Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.
• The synagogue of Judah HeHasid is burned down by Arab creditors, leading to the expulsion of the Ashkenazim from Jerusalem.
• Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
• American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force of British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.
• Foundation of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen.
• Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government.

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• Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla.
• Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, decides to pass the throne to his crown prince Trần Khâm and take up the post of Retired Emperor.
• The Republic of Venice enacts a law confining most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of Murano".
• Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with a great celebration.
• Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people mostly noblemen.
• Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose Spanish occupation.
• The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
• Robert Catesby, ringleader of the Gunpowder Plotters, is killed.
• Japanese daimyō Dom Justo Takayama is exiled to the Philippines by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu for being Christian.
• The Battle of White Mountain takes place near Prague, ending in a decisive Catholic victory in only two hours.
• The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China.
• Charles Edward Stuart invades England with an army of approximately 5,000 that would later participate in the Battle of Culloden.

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• Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.
• The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople.
• Treaty of Bonn: The Frankish kings Charles the Simple and Henry the Fowler sign a peace treaty or 'pact of friendship' (amicitia) to recognize their borders along the Rhine.
• Lam Sơn uprising: Lam Sơn rebels emerge victorious against the Ming army in the Battle of Tốt Động - Chúc Động taking place in Đông Quan, in now Hanoi.
• The Ensisheim meteorite, the oldest meteorite with a known date of impact, strikes the Earth around noon in a wheat field outside the village of Ensisheim, Alsace, France.
• Christopher Columbus returns from his fourth and last voyage.
• Elizabeth Stuart is crowned Queen of Bohemia.
• The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.
• John Murray, the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia, starts the first mass emancipation of slaves in North America by issuing Lord Dunmore's Offer of Emancipation, which offers freedom to slaves who abandoned their colonial masters to fight with Murray and the British.
• The oldest musical organization in the United States is founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.

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