A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu.
• Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow leads a colonial militia against the Narragansett during King Philip's War.
• The French Directory, a five-man revolutionary government, is created.
• Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time to be observed nationally.
• North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states.
• The Boers begin their 118-day siege of British-held Ladysmith during the Second Boer War.
• Bulgaria defeats the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Lule Burgas, the bloodiest battle of the First Balkan War, which opens her way to Constantinople.
• World War I: The Russian Empire declares war on the Ottoman Empire and the Dardanelles are subsequently closed.
• The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" with the clear understanding "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
• The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, in charge of preparation and carrying out the Russian Revolution, holds its first meeting.
• In the United States, KDKA of Pittsburgh starts broadcasting as the first commercial radio station. The first broadcast is the result of the 1920 United States presidential election.
• The British Broadcasting Corporation initiates the BBC Television Service, the world's first regular, "high-definition" (then defined as at least 200 lines) service. Renamed BBC1 in 1964, the channel still runs to this day.
• World War II: First day of Battle of Elaia-Kalamas between the Greeks and the Italians.
• In California, designer Howard Hughes performs the maiden (and only) flight of the Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the "Spruce Goose"), the largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built.

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• The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
• Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).
• Empress Matilda's reign as 'Lady of the English' ends with Stephen of Blois regaining the title of 'King of England'.
• The port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.
• The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro on the pretext that they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists".
• Pope Julius II is elected.
• The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is exhibited to the public for the first time.
• The Strait of Magellan, the passage immediately south of mainland South America connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, is first discovered and navigated by European explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the first recorded circumnavigation voyage.

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• Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor.
• Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Conspirators place Nikephoros, the minister of finance, on the Byzantine throne.
• Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir is killed while fighting against the forces of general Mu'nis al-Muzaffar. Al-Muqtadir's brother al-Qahir is chosen to succeed him.
• Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
• Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Congress of the Mexican Empire.
• The New Zealand Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.
• Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.
• The Purdue Wreck, a railroad train collision in Indianapolis, kills 17 people, including 14 players of the Purdue University football team.
• The Parliament of Finland approved the Prohibition Act, but the law was not implemented because it was not ratified by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
• Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile highway across United States.

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• Arab-Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
• Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
• Ranulf of Apulia defeats Roger II of Sicily at the Battle of Rignano, securing his position as duke until his death two years later.
• The Eighth Crusade ends by an agreement between Charles I of Anjou (replacing his deceased brother King Louis IX of France) and the Hafsid dynasty of Tunis, Tunisia.
• Reconquista: Portuguese and Castilian forces halt a Muslim invasion at the Battle of Río Salado.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Ocho Rios.
• War of the Fourth Coalition: Convinced that he is facing a much larger force, Prussian General von Romberg, commanding 5,300 men, surrenders the city of Stettin to 800 French soldiers.
• Nat Turner is arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.
• Danish Prince Vilhelm arrives in Athens to assume his throne as George I, King of the Hellenes.
• The Treaty of Vienna is signed, by which Denmark relinquishes one province each to Prussia and Austria.
• The Rudd Concession is granted by Matabeleland to agents of Cecil Rhodes.
• World War I: The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies.
• World War I: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, a state union of Kingdom of Hungary and Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is abolished with decisions of Croatian and Hungarian parliaments

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• Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and beheaded.
• Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople unifying the two branches of the House of Theodosius.
• Conradin is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily.
• First trial for witchcraft in Paris leading to the death of three people.
• Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
• Pope Innocent IX is elected.
• Russian homage to the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa.
• English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.
• The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor).
• Second Northern War: Naval forces of the Dutch Republic defeat the Swedes in the Battle of the Sound.

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• Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
• Æthelstan, the first king of all England, dies and is succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.
• Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
• French troops lay siege to Pavia.
• Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.
• Second Battle of Newbury in the English Civil War.
• Philadelphia is founded in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
• King George III expands on his Proclamation of Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies in his speech from the throne at the opening of Parliament.
• The French Army enters Berlin, following the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt.
• United States annexes the former Spanish colony of West Florida.
• Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs issues the Extermination Order, which orders all Mormons to leave the state or be killed.
• Franco-Prussian War: Marshal Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at the conclusion of the Siege of Metz along with 140,000 French soldiers.
• The first underground New York City Subway line opens, later designated as the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line.
• Fifteen people are killed in Hungary when a gunman opens fire on a crowd gathered at a church consecration.

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• The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
• The Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 formally begins with the proclamation of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor.
• Tvrtko I is crowned the first king of Bosnia.
• Charles V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
• Imjin War: Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin routs the Japanese Navy of 300 ships with only 13 ships at the Battle of Myeongnyang.
• The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Covenanter Scotland and King Charles.
• General Enea Silvio Piccolomini of Austria burns down Skopje to prevent the spread of cholera; he dies of the disease soon afterwards.
• American Revolution: The First Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia.
• War of 1812: A combined force of British regulars, Canadian militia and Mohawks defeat the United States Army in the Battle of the Chateauguay.
• The Erie Canal opens, allowing direct passage from the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
• The Royal Charter Storm kills at least eight hundred people in the British Isles.

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• Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers.
• Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire.
• Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
• Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights reconquer Lisbon.
• Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.
• Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II.
• War of 1812: The American frigate, USS United States, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate HMS Macedonian.
• Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.

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• In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
• Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
• The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War.
• John White, the governor of the second Roanoke Colony, returns to England after an unsuccessful search for the "lost" colonists.
• The second Spanish armada sets sail to strike against England, but is smashed by storms off Cape Finisterre forcing a retreat to port.
• Felim O'Neill of Kinard, the leader of the Irish Rebellion, issues his Proclamation of Dungannon, justifying the uprising and declaring continued loyalty to King Charles I of England.
• The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
• Poland is completely consumed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Maloyaroslavets takes place near Moscow.
• William Lassell discovers the moons Umbriel and Ariel orbiting Uranus.
• Sheffield F.C., the world's oldest association football club still in operation, is founded in England.

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• Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of six.
• The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theoderic, absolves Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius.
• Spanish Reconquista: At the Battle of Sagrajas, the Almoravids defeats the Castilians, but are unable to take advantage of their victory.
• The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the Danish Civil War.
• The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.
• Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster attempt to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, so as to force concessions.
• The Battle of Edgehill is the first major battle of the English Civil War.
• The First Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain convenes.
• General Claude François de Malet begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon, claiming that the Emperor died in the Russian campaign.
• The first National Women's Rights Convention begins in Worcester, Massachusetts.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Westport is the last significant engagement west of the Mississippi River.
• Alberto Santos-Dumont flies an airplane in the first heavier-than-air flight in Europe.
• The Italo-Turkish War sees the first use of an airplane in combat when an Italian pilot makes a reconnaissance flight.
• First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins.

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