A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom.
• Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros.
• Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.
• Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.
• Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association.
• Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj.
• Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.
• First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule.
• The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr.
• Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.

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• Constantine VIII died, ending his uninterrupted reign as emperor or co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire of 66 years.
• The Fourth Council of the Lateran meets, defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of Christ.
• Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
• Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572.
• Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery.
• Second Battle of Khotyn in Ukraine: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Jan Sobieski defeat the Ottoman army. In this battle, rockets made by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.
• Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = ƒ(x).
• Joseph Blake, alias Blueskin, a highwayman known for attacking "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) Jonathan Wild at the Old Bailey, is hanged in London.

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• Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
• Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang Pu. The Wu State is replaced by Li (now called "Xu Zhigao"), who becomes the first ruler of Southern Tang.
• Fourth Crusade: Despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding it and threatening excommunication, Catholic crusaders begin a siege of Zara (now Zadar, Croatia).
• Raden Wijaya is crowned as the first monarch of Majapahit kingdom of Java, taking the throne name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.
• Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Władysław III of Varna) are defeated by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and Władysław is killed.
• Åbo Bloodbath: Fourteen gentries who opposed Duke Charles were decapitated in the Old Great Square of Turku (Swedish: Åbo) for their involvement in the power struggle between King Sigismund and Duke Charles and the related peasant revolt known as the Cudgel War.
• Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha King kills Afzal Khan, Adilshahi in the battle popularly known as Battle of Pratapgarh.
• Third Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster, Netherlands cedes New Netherland to England.
• English colonists under the command of James Moore besiege Spanish St. Augustine during Queen Anne's War.
• The last colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).
• The United States Marine Corps is founded at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia by Samuel Nicholas.
• A Goddess of Reason is proclaimed by the French Convention at the suggestion of Pierre Gaspard Chaumette.
• Cry of Independence by Rufina Alfaro at La Villa de Los Santos, Panama setting into motion a revolt which led to Panama's independence from Spain and to it immediately becoming part of Colombia.
• The passenger ship Stephen Whitney is wrecked in thick fog off the southern coast of Ireland, killing 92 of the 110 on board. The disaster results in the construction of the Fastnet Rock lighthouse.
• Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming one of only three American Civil War soldiers executed for war crimes.

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• At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
• The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement forced on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by King Edward I of England, brings a temporary end to the Welsh Wars.
• Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gammelsdorf.
• At the Battle of Posada, Basarab I of Wallachia defeats the Hungarian army of Charles I Robert.
• Ulrich II, Count of Celje, last ruler of the County of Cilli, is assassinated in Belgrade.
• More than 50 people are sentenced and executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath.
• Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sight land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
• Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.
• The synagogue of Judah HeHasid is burned down by Arab creditors, leading to the expulsion of the Ashkenazim from Jerusalem.
• Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
• American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force of British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.
• Foundation of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen.
• Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government.

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• Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla.
• Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, decides to pass the throne to his crown prince Trần Khâm and take up the post of Retired Emperor.
• The Republic of Venice enacts a law confining most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of Murano".
• Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with a great celebration.
• Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people mostly noblemen.
• Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose Spanish occupation.
• The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
• Robert Catesby, ringleader of the Gunpowder Plotters, is killed.
• Japanese daimyō Dom Justo Takayama is exiled to the Philippines by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu for being Christian.
• The Battle of White Mountain takes place near Prague, ending in a decisive Catholic victory in only two hours.
• The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China.
• Charles Edward Stuart invades England with an army of approximately 5,000 that would later participate in the Battle of Culloden.

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• Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.
• The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople.
• Treaty of Bonn: The Frankish kings Charles the Simple and Henry the Fowler sign a peace treaty or 'pact of friendship' (amicitia) to recognize their borders along the Rhine.
• Lam Sơn uprising: Lam Sơn rebels emerge victorious against the Ming army in the Battle of Tốt Động - Chúc Động taking place in Đông Quan, in now Hanoi.
• The Ensisheim meteorite, the oldest meteorite with a known date of impact, strikes the Earth around noon in a wheat field outside the village of Ensisheim, Alsace, France.
• Christopher Columbus returns from his fourth and last voyage.
• Elizabeth Stuart is crowned Queen of Bohemia.
• The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.
• John Murray, the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia, starts the first mass emancipation of slaves in North America by issuing Lord Dunmore's Offer of Emancipation, which offers freedom to slaves who abandoned their colonial masters to fight with Murray and the British.
• The oldest musical organization in the United States is founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.

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• A powerful earthquake destroys large portions of the Walls of Constantinople, including 57 towers.
• Synod of Rome: Emperor Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope John XII is deposed on charges of an armed rebellion against Otto.
• The Charter of the Forest is sealed at St Paul's Cathedral, London by King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke which re-establishes for free men rights of access to the royal forest that had been eroded by William the Conqueror and his heirs.
• Battle of Jemappes in the French Revolutionary Wars.
• Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th President of the United States with only 40% of the popular vote, defeating John C. Breckinridge, John Bell, and Stephen A. Douglas in a four-way race.
• In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers College defeats Princeton University (then known as the College of New Jersey), 6-4, in the first official intercollegiate American football game.
• President William McKinley is re-elected, along with his vice-presidential running mate, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York. Republicans also swept the congressional elections, winning increased majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.
• Spanish Civil War: The republican government flees from Madrid to Valencia, leading to the formation of the Madrid Defense Council in its stead.
• World War II: The 1st Ukrainian Front liberates Kyiv from German occupation.
• Meet the Press, the longest running television program in history, makes its debut on NBC Television.
• Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ is appointed to head the South Vietnamese government by General Dương Văn Minh's junta, five days after the latter deposed and assassinated President Ngô Đình Diệm.
• The United States Atomic Energy Commission tests the largest U.S. underground hydrogen bomb, code-named Cannikin, on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians.

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• Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
• Second Battle of Panipat: Fighting begins between the forces of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu king at Delhi and the forces of the Muslim emperor Akbar.
• Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is arrested.
• William III of England lands with a Dutch fleet at Brixham.
• Seven Years' War: Frederick the Great defeats the allied armies of France and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Rossbach.
• The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed, the purpose of which is to adjust the boundary line between Indian lands and white settlements set forth in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in the Thirteen Colonies.
• Salvadoran priest José Matías Delgado rings the bells of La Merced church in San Salvador, calling for insurrection and launching the 1811 Independence Movement.
• Greek War of Independence: The French Morea expedition to recapture Morea (now the Peloponnese) ends when the last Ottoman forces depart the peninsula.
• Nat Turner, American slave leader, is tried, convicted, and sentenced to death in Virginia.
• American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
• American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, 303 Dakota warriors are found guilty of rape and murder of whites and are sentenced to death. Thirty-eight are ultimately hanged and the others reprieved.

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• Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War: Joan of Arc liberates Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier.
• Christopher Columbus reaches Leeward Island and Puerto Rico.
• Catherine of Aragon (later Henry VIII's first wife) meets Arthur Tudor, Henry VIII's older brother - they would later marry.
• Eighty Years' War: In Flanders, Spain captures Antwerp (which is nearly destroyed after three days).
• The Teatro di San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated in Naples, Italy.
• The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of Peru begins.
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 36 is performed for the first time in Linz, Austria.
• Northwest Indian War: The Western Confederacy of American Indians wins a major victory over the United States in the Battle of the Wabash.

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• Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim caliph, is assassinated by a Persian slave in Medina.
• The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.
• Liège is sacked by Charles I of Burgundy's troops.
• Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
• English Parliament passes the first Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the Anglican Church, supplanting the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
• The American Continental Army is disbanded.
• French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
• Napoleon's armies are defeated at the Battle of Vyazma.
• The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal.
• The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.

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