• Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14-20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
• The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdinand of Majorca and the forces of Matilda of Hainaut, ends in victory for Ferdinand.
• Robert II becomes King of Scotland, beginning the Stuart dynasty.
• King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne.
• Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the dedicatee, receives the first printed copy of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems .
• War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon causes several Royal Navy captains to be court-martialed, and the Articles of War to be amended.
• The last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales.
• By the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars.
• Mexican-American War: The Battle of Buena Vista: Five thousand American troops defeat 15,000 Mexican troops.
• The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins.
• The United States Republican Party opens its first national convention in Pittsburgh.[citation needed]

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
• Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
• The Prussian Confederation is formed.
• Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia.
• A force of 1,400 French soldiers invaded Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists.
• The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales.
• Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia.
• Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is the first periodical to use the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah.
• John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
• American Civil War: Battle of Valverde is fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
• Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland in lieu of a dowry for Margaret of Denmark.
• Juan Ponce de León sets out from Spain for Florida with about 200 prospective colonists.
• Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
• René-Robert Cavelier establishes Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay thus forming the basis for France's claim to Texas.
• The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by United States President George Washington.
• Louis-Alexandre Berthier removes Pope Pius VI from power.
• Manuel Belgrano defeats the royalist army of Pío de Tristán during the Battle of Salta.
• Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville premieres at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
• The 1835 Concepción earthquake destroys Concepción, Chile.
• Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Kraków to incite a fight for national independence.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies.
• The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan idols in the Roman Empire.
• Having already been elected to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa is crowned King of Sweden, having succeeded his father John III of Sweden in 1592.
• The Peruvian stratovolcano Huaynaputina explodes in the most violent eruption in the recorded history of South America.
• The Second Battle of Guararapes takes place, effectively ending Dutch colonization efforts in Brazil.
• England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England.
• Great Northern War: The battle of Napue between Sweden and Russia is fought in Isokyrö, Ostrobothnia.
• The Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia.
• Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason in Wakefield, Alabama and confined to Fort Stoddert.
• British explorer William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands and claims them in the name of King George III.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
• The Battle of Wesenberg is fought between the Livonian Order and Dovmont of Pskov.
• Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.
• George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is executed in private at the Tower of London.
• Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
• The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.)
• Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana).
• Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of Bayezid I, becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire with the support of Mircea I of Wallachia.
• Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt.
• On his way to be burned at the stake for heresy, at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, the philosopher Giordano Bruno has a wooden vise put on his tongue to prevent him continuing to speak.
• Myles Standish is appointed as first military commander of the English Plymouth Colony in North America.
• Sixteen men of Pascual de Iriate's expedition are lost at Evangelistas Islets at the western end of the Strait of Magellan.
• In Sweden February 17 is followed by March 1 as the country moves from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar.
• 1800 United States presidential election: An tie in the Electoral College between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.
• War of the Sixth Coalition: The Battle of Mormant.
• The United States House of Representatives passes the Missouri Compromise for the first time.
• Weenen massacre: Hundreds of Voortrekkers along the Blaukraans River, Natal are killed by Zulus.
• The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Orange Free State.
• Cochinchina Campaign: The French Navy captures the Citadel of Saigon, a fortress manned by 1,000 Nguyễn dynasty soldiers, en route to conquering Saigon and other regions of southern Viet Nam.
• A group of citizens of Geneva found an International Committee for Relief to the Wounded, which later became known as the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
• Dutch forces led by Hendrick Lonck capture Olinda in what was to become part of Dutch Brazil.
• Battle of Torrington, Devon: The last major battle of the first English Civil War.
• First Leopoldine Diploma is issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, recognizing the Greek Catholic clergy enjoyed the same privileges as Roman Catholic priests in the Principality of Transylvania.
• Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes British Prime Minister.
• Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) falls to the British, completing their invasion of Ceylon.
• First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia.
• American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Donelson, Tennessee.
• Spencer Compton Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington becomes British Secretary of State for War.
• The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated by Act of Parliament at Ottawa (44th Vic., c.1).
• Iceland's first football club, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, is founded.
• The Council of Lithuania unanimously adopts the Act of Independence, declaring Lithuania an independent state.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberios III publicly executed in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.
• At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles, Arduin of Ivrea is restored to his domains and crowned King of Italy.
• Pope Paschal II issues Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, recognizing the Order of Hospitallers.
• During the Anglo-French War (1213-1214), an English invasion force led by John, King of England, lands at La Rochelle in France.
• While on board the Niña, Christopher Columbus writes an open letter (widely distributed upon his return to Portugal) describing his discoveries and the unexpected items he came across in the New World.
• Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
• The city of St. Louis is established in Spanish Louisiana (now in Missouri, USA).

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remaining Jews are forcibly removed from Strasbourg.
• Spanish conquistadores, led by Nuño de Guzmán, overthrow and execute Tangaxuan II, the last independent monarch of the Tarascan state in present-day central Mexico.
• Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate at Whitehall Palace, London.
• The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655.
• The United States flag is formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when French Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte renders a nine gun salute to USS Ranger, commanded by John Paul Jones.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Kettle Creek is fought in Georgia.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

• Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
• The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
• The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
• Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
• Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
• Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War.
• William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
• Massacre of Glencoe: Almost 80 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
• Treaty of Giyanti signed by VOC, Pakubuwono III and Prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divides the Javanese kingdom of Mataram into two: Sunanate of Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
• The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
• Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta ends with the capitulation of the defending fortress, effectively bringing an end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

Explanations from OpenAI ChatGPT API with proprietary prompts.

This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios

Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices