A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III.
• Henry V of England enters Paris alongside his father-in-law King Charles VI of France.
• Courtiers Christopher Hatton and Thomas Heneage are knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• End of the Iberian Union: Portugal acclaims as King João IV of Portugal, ending 59 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain and the end of the rule of the Philippine Dynasty.
• Diarist John Evelyn records skating on the frozen lake in St James's Park, London, watched by Charles II and Queen Catherine.
• The former slave ship Fredensborg sinks off Tromøya in Norway.
• José Núñez de Cáceres wins the independence of the Dominican Republic from Spain and names the new territory the Republic of Spanish Haiti.
• Pedro I is crowned Emperor of Brazil.
• Argentine general Juan Lavalle makes a coup against governor Manuel Dorrego, beginning the Decembrist revolution.
• In his State of the Union Address President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery as ordered ten weeks earlier in the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Shaw University, the first historically black university in the southern United States, is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.

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• Queen Anne's War: The second Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of the British Empire and their Creek allies to capture Pensacola, Spanish Florida.
• Great Northern War: King Charles XII of Sweden dies during a siege of the fortress of Fredriksten in Norway.
• The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under Pietro Leopoldo I, becomes the first modern state to abolish the death penalty (later commemorated as Cities for Life Day).
• The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and Philippines.
• In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to an official from the French First Republic. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.
• The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial of Federalist Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase.
• First Welland Canal opens for a trial run, five years to the day from the ground breaking.
• Crimean War: Battle of Sinop: The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.
• American Civil War: The Confederate Army of Tennessee suffers heavy losses in an attack on the Union Army of the Ohio in the Battle of Franklin.

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• Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom.
• The Abbasid army under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib defeats the Qarmatians at the Battle of Hama.
• The papal conclave of 1549-50 begins.
• The Battle of Swally takes place, which loosens the Portuguese Empire's hold on India.
• Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez, Mississippi.
• The magnitude 6.6 Irpinia earthquake causes 1,940 deaths in the former Kingdom of Naples, southern Italy.
• San Jose, California, is founded as Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe by José Joaquín Moraga. It is the first civilian settlement, or pueblo, in Alta California.
• The crew of the British slave ship Zong murders 54 Africans by dumping them into the sea to claim insurance, beginning the Zong massacre.
• John VI of Portugal flees Lisbon from advancing Napoleonic forces during the Peninsular War, transferring the Portuguese court to Brazil.
• An armed rebellion against Russia's rule in Poland begins.
• The Sonderbund is defeated by the joint forces of other Swiss cantons under General Guillaume-Henri Dufour.
• Missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, and 15 others are killed by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians, causing the Cayuse War.

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• Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir.
• Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor Fei of Later Tang.
• Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja in central Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
• Champa-Đại Việt War: Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt formally launches his attack against Champa.
• An expedition under the command of Ferdinand Magellan passes through the Strait of Magellan.
• In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 (equivalent to £11,783 in 2020) bond for their marriage licence.
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy has its greatest and last victory in the Battle of Oliwa.
• At Gresham College, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
• At least 3,000 men of the Royal Scots Army led by Tam Dalyell of the Binns defeat about 900 Covenanter insurgents led by James Wallace of Auchens in the Battle of Rullion Green.
• The first Treaty of Hopewell is signed, by which the United States acknowledges Cherokee lands in what is now East Tennessee.
• Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo.
• Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 73, premieres at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.
• The Times of London becomes the first newspaper to be produced on a steam-powered printing press, built by the German team of Koenig & Bauer.
• Panama Independence Day: Panama separates from Spain and joins Gran Colombia.
• Ka Lā Hui (Hawaiian Independence Day): The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.

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• Luoyang is declared capital of the Eastern Han dynasty by Emperor Guangwu of Han.
• Emperor Marcus Aurelius grants his son Commodus the rank of "Imperator" and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions.
• Rufinus, praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas.
• Byzantine Emperor Maurice is forced to watch as the usurper Phocas executes his five sons before Maurice is beheaded himself.
• Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
• The foundation stone to the Jerusalem Church in Berlin is laid.
• The Berners Street hoax is perpetrated by Theodore Hook in the City of Westminster, London.
• Adoption of Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland.
• Saint Catherine Labouré experiences a Marian apparition.
• James Pratt and John Smith are hanged in London; they are the last two to be executed for sodomy in England.
• In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.

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• The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
• Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ships on the Yangtze river during the Jin-Song Wars.
• Vlad the Impaler defeats Basarab Laiota with the help of Stephen the Great and Stephen V Báthory and becomes the ruler of Wallachia for the third time.
• In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to visit Maui.
• A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States as proclaimed by President George Washington at the request of Congress.
• Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct.
• The Battle of Berezina begins during Napoleon's retreat from Russia.
• An earthquake as high as magnitude 8.8 rocks the Banda Sea, triggering a tsunami and killing at least 60 in the Dutch East Indies.
• Battle of Papudo: A Spanish navy schooner is defeated by a Chilean corvette north of Valparaíso, Chile.
• HMS Bulwark is destroyed by a large internal explosion with the loss of 741 men near Sheerness.
• The National Hockey League is formed, with the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, Quebec Bulldogs, and Toronto Arenas as its first teams.

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• Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethóc and Crínán of Dunkeld, inherits the throne.
• The White Ship sinks in the English Channel, drowning William Adelin, son and heir of Henry I of England.
• Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Châtillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.
• A tsunami, caused by an earthquake in the Tyrrhenian Sea, devastates Naples and the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places.
• King Minkhaung I becomes king of Ava.
• Elizabeth of York is crowned Queen of England.
• The siege of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, ends with the Treaty of Granada.
• Portuguese conquest of Goa: Portuguese naval forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, and local mercenaries working for privateer Timoji, seize Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, resulting in 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule.
• The Cudgel War begins in Finland (at the time part of Sweden), when peasants rebel against the imposition of taxes by the nobility.
• A deadly earthquake rocks Shemakha in the Caucasus, killing 80,000 people.
• Trunajaya rebellion: After a long and logistically challenging march, the allied Mataram and Dutch troops successfully assaulted the rebel stronghold of Kediri.
• King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants royal protection to the Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, now known as the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary.
• French and Indian War: British forces capture Fort Duquesne from French control. Later, Fort Pitt will be built nearby and grow into modern Pittsburgh.

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• Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal entry, into Constantinople.
• Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem.
• Gąsawa massacre: At an assembly of Piast dukes at Gąsawa, Polish Prince Leszek the White, Duke Henry the Bearded and others are attacked by assassins while bathing.
• An overnight landslide on the north side of Mont Granier, one of the largest historical rockslope failures ever recorded in Europe, destroys five villages.
• Peter I of Cyprus ascends the throne of Cyprus after his father, Hugh IV of Cyprus, abdicates.
• Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc unsuccessfully besieges La Charité.
• Battle of Solway Moss: An English army defeats a much larger Scottish force near the River Esk in Dumfries and Galloway.
• Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania).
• South Carolina passes the Ordinance of Nullification, declaring that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were null and void in the state, beginning the Nullification Crisis.
• The Texas Provincial Government authorizes the creation of a horse-mounted police force called the Texas Rangers (which is now the Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety).
• Danish troops defeat a Schleswig-Holstein force in the town of Lottorf, Schleswig-Holstein.
• Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.
• American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain: Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.
• Anna Sewell's animal welfare novel Black Beauty is published.

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• Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile.
• Pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London. He had invaded England in 1497, claiming to be the lost son of King Edward IV of England.
• The Second War of Kappel results in the dissolution of the Protestant alliance in Switzerland.
• John Milton publishes Areopagitica, a pamphlet decrying censorship.
• The start of the 1733 slave insurrection on St. John in what was then the Danish West Indies.
• French and Poles defeat the Spanish at Battle of Tudela.
• American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga begins: Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and counter-attack Confederate troops.
• The Manchester Martyrs are hanged in Manchester, England, for killing a police officer while freeing two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from custody.
• King William III of the Netherlands dies without a male heir and a special law is passed to allow his daughter Princess Wilhelmina to succeed him.

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• After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
• The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Frankish king Charles the Bald at the Battle of Ballon near Redon.
• Pope Clement V issues the papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.
• Spanish navigator Juan Fernández discovers islands now known as the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile.
• Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launch a pacification campaign against native villages, resulting in Dutch control of the middle and south of the island.
• Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Maynard attacks and boards the vessels of the British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") off the coast of North Carolina. The casualties on both sides include Maynard's first officer Mister Hyde and Teach himself.
• Canadian journalist and politician William Lyon Mackenzie calls for a rebellion against the United Kingdom in his essay "To the People of Upper Canada", published in his newspaper The Constitution.
• In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is launched.
• The French steamer SS Ville du Havre sinks in 12 minutes after colliding with the Scottish iron clipper Loch Earn in the Atlantic, with a loss of 226 lives.
• The Congress of Manastir establishes the Albanian alphabet.

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