• Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning most of the town.
• First Corpus Juris Civilis, a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.
• Empress Matilda becomes the first female ruler of England, adopting the title 'Lady of the English'.
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV charters Prague University.
• Felix V abdicates his claim to the papacy, ending the reign of the final Antipope.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
• Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
• Premiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245, at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig.
• End of Burmese-Siamese War (1765-67).
• Settlers establish Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent settlement created by U.S. citizens in the recently organized Northwest Territory.

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• The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.
• Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople. The city falls on May 29, and is renamed Istanbul.
• One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.
• At the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.
• The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.
• American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy fail in their attempt to capture a Royal Navy dispatch boat.
• King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) establishes the Chakri dynasty.
• During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.
• John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America's first millionaire.
• British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz. This would be the turning point in the Peninsular War against Napoleon-led France.

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• Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
• The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his army.
• During the Battle on the Ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.
• Two hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrick van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Seventeen Provinces.
• In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
• United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States.
• Peace of Basel between France and Prussia is made.
• In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.
• Bolivia declares war on Chile, and Chile declares war on Peru, starting the War of the Pacific.
• The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated.

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• King Louis the Pious captures Barcelona from the Moors after a siege of several months.
• A five-year Byzantine-Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
• Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for completing a circumnavigation of the world.
• Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia.
• Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists and opponents of the monarchy for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.
• Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture.
• Napoleon abdicates (conditionally) for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French, followed by unconditional abdication two days later.
• William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office, and setting the record for the briefest administration. Vice President John Tyler succeeds Harrison as President.
• American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visits the Confederate capital.

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• Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
• Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
• The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
• The second of two the treaties making up the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis is signed, ending the Italian Wars.
• Robert Walpole becomes, in effect, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain, though he himself denied that title.
• Rama IV is crowned King of Thailand after the death of his half-brother, Rama III.
• The first successful United States Pony Express run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, begins.
• American Civil War: Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America.
• American Old West: Robert Ford kills Jesse James.
• Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for a light, high-speed, four-stroke engine, which he uses seven months later to create the world's first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen.
• The trial in the libel case brought by Oscar Wilde begins, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.

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• Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Johns River.
• Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
• The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
• French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily-assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
• American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
• American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
• Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine.
• Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Marie Palace, Saint Petersburg.
• "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
• The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
• The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.

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• According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
• Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
• In New York City, the United States House of Representatives achieves its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first Speaker.
• The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin.
• American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line.
• The White Star steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 in one of the worst marine disasters of the 19th century.

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• Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro-Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague.
• The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers.
• Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England.
• Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
• Joachim Murat issues the Rimini Proclamation which would later inspire Italian unification.
• Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically-rotating crystal or liquid.
• The Florida Territory is created in the United States.
• The National Bank of Greece is founded in Athens.
• Ether anesthesia is used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long.
• One of the most important battles of the Dominican War of Independence from Haiti takes place near the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.
• Origins of the American Civil War: "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invade Kansas and force election of a pro-slavery legislature.
• The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War.
• Discovery of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium.
• Danish prince Wilhelm Georg is chosen as King George of Greece.
• Alaska is purchased from Russia for $7.2 million, about two cents/acre ($4.19/km2), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward.

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• Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
• The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice.
• Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a temporary stop to the Wars of the Roses.
• Cesare Borgia is given the title of Captain General and Gonfalonier by his father Rodrigo Borgia after returning from his conquests in the Romagna.
• The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, is founded.
• Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.
• King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.
• Construction is authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.
• King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.
• Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniaks rebel against Turkey.
• Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.
• The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab.
• Sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry mutinies against the East India Company's rule in India and inspires the protracted Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
• American Civil War: Federal forces under Major General Philip Sheridan move to flank Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee as the Appomattox Campaign begins.

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• Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
• After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus.
• Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor.
• The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
• Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco.
• Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia.
• Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples.
• Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered.
• Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín.
• War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels.
• First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai.
• Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia.
• First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins.

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