A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors.
• Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning of Pope Celestine II.
• After a siege of several weeks, the city of Weinsberg and its castle surrender to Conrad III of Germany.
• The city of Ryazan is sacked by the Mongol army of Batu Khan.
• The Battle of Linuesa is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the forces of the Emirate of Granada and the combined army of the Kingdom of Castile and of Jaén resulting in a Castilian victory.
• Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile.
• Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
• American settlers in Nacogdoches, Mexican Texas, declare their independence, starting the Fredonian Rebellion.
• Egyptian-Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.
• The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers commences business at its cooperative in Rochdale, England, starting the Cooperative movement.
• Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.
• Challenger expedition: HMS Challenger, commanded by Captain George Nares, sails from Portsmouth, England.
• World premiere of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark.

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• Antonius Primus enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor for Nero's former general Vespasian.
• Richard I of England is captured and imprisoned by Leopold V of Austria on his way home to England after the Third Crusade.
• The Louisiana Purchase is completed at a ceremony in New Orleans.
• Peninsular War: The Siege of Zaragoza begins.
• South Carolina becomes the first state to attempt to secede from the United States.
• World War I: The last Australian troops are evacuated from Gallipoli.
• Cheka, the first Soviet secret police force, is founded.
• Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison.
• World War II: First battle of the American Volunteer Group, better known as the "Flying Tigers", in Kunming, China.
• World War II: Japanese air forces bomb Calcutta, India.
• The popular Christmas film It's a Wonderful Life is first released in New York City.

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• Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
• Pope Clement III is elected.
• Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy.
• The Battle of Dreux takes place during the French Wars of Religion.
• The ships Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery depart England carrying settlers who founded, at Jamestown, Virginia, the first of the thirteen colonies that became the United States.
• Thomas Paine publishes one of a series of pamphlets in The Pennsylvania Journal entitled "The American Crisis".
• American Revolutionary War: George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Two British frigates under Commodore Horatio Nelson and two Spanish frigates under Commodore Don Jacobo Stuart engage in battle off the coast of Murcia.
• Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government and is forced to resign.
• French parliament votes amnesty for all involved in scandalous army treason trial known as Dreyfus affair.

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• Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
• A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced conversions of Muslims in Spain.
• Portuguese forces score a military victory over the Kingdom of Kongo at the Battle of Mbumbi in present-day Angola.
• New Jersey becomes the third state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.
• Surrender of the frigate La Lutine by French Royalists to Lord Samuel Hood; renamed HMS Lutine, she later becomes a famous treasure wreck.
• The national anthem of the Russian Empire, "God Save the Tsar!", is first performed.
• The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada abolishes the seigneurial system.
• US Secretary of State William Seward proclaims the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment, prohibiting slavery throughout the USA.
• The Al-Thani family become the rulers of the state of Qatar.
• Premiere performance of The Nutcracker by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
• Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat sets the first officially recognized land speed record of 63.159 km/h (39.245 mph) in a Jeantaud electric car.
• World War I: The Battle of Verdun ends when the second French offensive pushes the Germans back two or three kilometres, causing them to cease their attacks.
• The resolution containing the language of the Eighteenth Amendment to enact Prohibition is passed by the United States Congress.

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• Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison.
• Romanos I Lekapenos is crowned co-emperor of the underage Constantine VII.
• Assassination of William I of Normandy.
• Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud's armies in Delhi are defeated by Timur.
• Cologne War: Forces under Ernest of Bavaria defeat troops under Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg at the Siege of Godesberg.
• Go-Yōzei becomes Emperor of Japan.
• War of the Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain declares war on Spain.
• American Revolution: France formally recognizes the United States.
• Napoleonic Wars: France issues the Milan Decree, which confirms the Continental System.
• War of 1812: U.S. forces attack a Lenape village in the Battle of the Mississinewa.
• Simón Bolívar declares the independence of Gran Colombia in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela).

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• Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
• An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Yanjing, initiating the An Lushan Rebellion during the Tang dynasty of China.
• Hundred Years' War: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris.
• Vasco da Gama passes the Great Fish River at the southern tip of Africa, where Bartolomeu Dias had previously turned back to Portugal.
• Seven-Year War: Battle of Noryang: The final battle of the Seven-Year War is fought between the China and the Korean allied forces and Japanese navies, resulting in a decisive allied forces victory.
• English Interregnum: The Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• Convention Parliament: The Declaration of Right is embodied in the Bill of Rights.
• Seven Years' War: After a four-month siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kołobrzeg.
• American Revolution: Boston Tea Party: Members of the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians dump hundreds of crates of tea into Boston harbor as a protest against the Tea Act.
• Virginia becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• British East India Company: Muharram Rebellion: Hada and Mada Miah lead the first anti-British uprising in the subcontinent against Robert Lindsay and his contingents in Sylhet Shahi Eidgah.
• The first two in a series of four severe earthquakes occur in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri.
• Benjamin W. Edwards rides into Mexican-controlled Nacogdoches, Texas, and declares himself ruler of the Republic of Fredonia.

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• Vandalic War: Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Tricamarum.
• Pope Sergius I is elected as a compromise between antipopes Paschal and Theodore.
• Constantine VIII becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire, 63 years after being crowned co-emperor.
• Jin-Song wars: Military officers conspire against the emperor Wanyan Liang of the Jin dynasty after a military defeat at the Battle of Caishi, and assassinate the emperor at his camp.
• Sicilian Chancellor Stephen du Perche moves the royal court to Messina to prevent a rebellion.
• Mongol forces under Hulagu enter and dismantle the Nizari Ismaili (Assassin) stronghold at Alamut Castle (in present-day Iran) as part of their offensive on Islamic southwest Asia.
• Stephen III of Moldavia defeats Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, with the latter being injured thrice, at the Battle of Baia.
• Castle Cornet in Guernsey, the last stronghold which had supported the King in the Third English Civil War, surrenders.
• American Revolutionary War: British and French fleets clash in the Battle of St. Lucia.
• The United States Bill of Rights becomes law when ratified by the Virginia General Assembly.

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• Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia.
• Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
• St. Lucia's flood: The Zuiderzee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses, killing over 50,000 people.
• Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen of Scots at the age of one week on the death of her father, James V of Scotland.
• The Theresian Military Academy is founded in Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
• Founding Father Alexander Hamilton marries Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton at the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York.
• The Montgolfier brothers first test fly an unmanned hot air balloon in France; it floats nearly 2.5 km (1.6 mi).
• The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.
• War of 1812: The Royal Navy seizes control of Lake Borgne, Louisiana.
• Alabama becomes the 22nd U.S. state.
• The Toledo War unofficially ends as the "Frostbitten Convention" votes to accept Congress' terms for admitting Michigan as a U.S. state.
• American Civil War: The Confederate victory under General James Longstreet at the Battle of Bean's Station in East Tennessee ends the Knoxville Campaign, but achieves very little as Longstreet returns to Virginia next spring.

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• Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit.
• The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
• Sir Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.
• The Plymouth Colony establishes the system of trial by 12-men jury in the American colonies.
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians, a date now considered the founding of the National Guard of the United States.
• Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand.
• English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire.
• The English transport ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, killing over 360 people.
• Dartmouth College is founded by the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, with a royal charter from King George III, on land donated by Royal governor John Wentworth.
• American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union Major General Ambrose Burnside.
• A Fenian bomb explodes in Clerkenwell, London, killing 12 people and injuring 50.
• Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: The city of Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese. This is followed by the Nanking Massacre, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.
• The Battle of the River Plate is fought off the coast of Uruguay; the first naval battle of World War II. The Kriegsmarine's Deutschland-class cruiser (pocket battleship) Admiral Graf Spee engages with three Royal Navy cruisers: HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles and HMS Exeter.

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• Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh.
• Maria of Enghien sells the lordship of Argos and Nauplia to the Republic of Venice.
• Pennsylvania becomes the 2nd state to ratify the US Constitution.
• American Civil War: USS Cairo sinks on the Yazoo River.
• Oaks explosion: The worst mining disaster in England kills 361 miners and rescuers.
• Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman.
• Guglielmo Marconi receives the first transatlantic radio signal (the letter "S" [***] in Morse Code), at Signal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland.
• Yuan Shikai declares the establishment of the Empire of China and proclaims himself Emperor.
• Lebensborn Project, a Nazi reproduction program, is founded by Heinrich Himmler.
• Second Sino-Japanese War: USS Panay incident: Japanese aircraft bomb and sink U.S. gunboat USS Panay on the Yangtze river in China.

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