• Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
• A determined band of 35 religious dissenters - Pilgrims set sail for Virginia from Plymouth, England in the Mayflower, jubilant at the prospect of practicing their unorthodox brand of worship in the New World.
• James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
• In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two-thirds of its inhabitants.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
• American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah begins.
• With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
• The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York. The Sun is the United States' oldest, continuously-independent college daily.

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• Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by Jean de Malestroit, Bishop of Nantes.
• Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V returns to Spain.
• The so-called "Invincible Armada" sent by Catholic King Philip II of Spain to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England has been handed a crushing defeat in the English Channel.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Signal Hill.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces land at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) sees his first combat at the Battle of Boxtel during the Flanders Campaign.
• Britain seizes the Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa to prevent its use by the Batavian Republic.

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• Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
• Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire.
• Genpei War: Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
• Battle of Homildon Hill results in an English victory over Scotland.
• Flight of the Earls from Lough Swilly, Donegal, Ireland.
• Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena lays down the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
• George Frideric Handel completes his oratorio Messiah.

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• Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret.
• Battle of Portopí: The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Ponça, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island.
• The First Siege of Gibraltar takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista pitting the forces of the Kingdom of Castile against the Emirate of Granada resulting in a Castilian victory.
• Henry Hudson begins his exploration of the Hudson River while aboard the Halve Maen.
• A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
• Austro-Ottoman War: Battle of Vienna: Several European armies join forces to defeat the Ottoman Empire.
• The Sultanate of Sulu ceded Balambangan Island to the British East India Company
• Battle of North Point: an American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore in the War of 1812.
• Elizabeth Barrett elopes with Robert Browning.

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• The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years.
• Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.
• Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards.
• Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta.
• Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there.
• Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.
• Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces.
• Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history.
• Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power.
• Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.
• Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
• Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War.

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• John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
• An earthquake known as "The Lesser Judgment Day" hits Constantinople.
• Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
• The Battle of Pinkie, the last full-scale military confrontation between England and Scotland, resulting in a decisive victory for the forces of Edward VI.
• Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.
• German pirate Klein Henszlein and 33 of his crew are beheaded in Hamburg.
• Edward Maria Wingfield ousted as first president of the governing council of the Colony of Virginia; he is replaced by John Ratcliffe.
• American Revolutionary War: Nathan Hale volunteers to spy for the Continental Army.
• At the Battle of St. George's Caye, British Honduras defeats Spain.
• The United States defeats a British Fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.
• Elias Howe is granted a patent for the sewing machine.
• George Mary Searle discovers the asteroid 55 Pandora.

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• Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan.
• Christopher Columbus, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.
• The citizens of Lisbon celebrate the triumphal return of the explorer Vasco de Gama, completing his two-year journey around the Cape of Good Hope to India.
• James IV of Scotland is defeated and dies in the Battle of Flodden, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.

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• Philip of Swabia, Prince of Hohenstaufen, is crowned King of Germany (King of the Romans)
• The Statute of Kalisz, guaranteeing Jews safety and personal liberties and giving battei din jurisdiction over Jewish matters, is promulgated by Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.
• Stefan Dušan declares himself king of Serbia.
• Battle of Kulikovo: Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.
• Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Piazza della Signoria in Florence.
• Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.

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• A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
• Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
• Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II lands in Acre, Israel, and starts the Sixth Crusade, which results in a peaceful restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Guillaume de Nogaret takes Pope Boniface VIII prisoner on behalf of Philip IV of France.
• Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
• The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.
• Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable pirate raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to end all English trading in India.
• War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to the withdrawal of French forces from North Italy.

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• Christopher Columbus sails from La Gomera in the Canary Islands, his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
• The Victoria returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition and the first known ship to circumnavigate the world.
• Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Nördlingen, the Catholic Imperial army defeats Swedish and German Protestant forces.
• England's Long Parliament bans public stage-plays.
• British scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
• American Civil War: Confederate forces evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.

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