A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Ibn Battuta begins his travels, leaving his home in Tangiers to travel to Mecca (gone 24 years).
• In England, the Peasants' Revolt, led by Wat Tyler, comes to a head, as rebels set fire to the Savoy Palace.
• Henry Grace à Dieu, at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.
• Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.
• King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.
• Georgia provincial governor James Oglethorpe begins an unsuccessful attempt to take Spanish Florida during the Siege of St. Augustine.
• Rhode Island becomes the first of Britain's North American colonies to ban the importation of slaves.
• American Revolutionary War: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina, in order to help the Continental Congress to train its army.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.
• Twentieth opera of Giuseppe Verdi, Les vêpres siciliennes ("The Sicilian Vespers"), is premiered in Paris.
• The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.

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• Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
• At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.
• Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London.
• Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.
• Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.
• The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
• The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England.
• First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.
• Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
• French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.
• French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men killed by Māori in New Zealand.
• American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
• The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.

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• Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle of the rain".
• Emperor Taizong of Tang sends envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to seek the release of Chinese prisoners captured during the transition from Sui to Tang.
• A Hasanid Alid uprising in Mecca is crushed by the Abbasids at the Battle of Fakhkh.
• Vladimir the Great consolidates the Kievan realm from Ukraine to the Baltic Sea. He is proclaimed ruler (knyaz) of all Kievan Rus'.
• Lombard Revolt: Greek citizens of Bari rise up against the Lombard rebels led by Melus and deliver the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy.
• Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.
• Albert I of Brandenburg, also called The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first margrave.
• The megas doux Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, is lynched by political prisoners.
• Hundred Years' War: Start of the Battle of Jargeau.
• Battle of Sauchieburn: Fought between rebel Lords and James III of Scotland, resulting in the death of the king.

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• Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock (clepsydra) called Rokoku. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
• Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.
• The Battle of Pelekanon results in a Byzantine defeat by the Ottoman Empire.
• Copenhagen is surrounded by the army of Frederick I of Denmark, as the city will not recognise him as the successor of Christian II of Denmark.
• Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk discover Bear Island.
• Thirty Years' War: Battle of Záblatí, a turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.
• Signing of the Treaty of Compiègne between France and the Netherlands.
• Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for "certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries".
• Jacobite risings: Battle of Glen Shiel.
• King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) is crowned.

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• The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
• Nero commits suicide, after quoting Vergil's Aeneid, thus ending the Julio-Claudian dynasty and starting the civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.
• Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.
• Abbasid Revolution: Abu Muslim Khorasani begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of the Black Standard.
• Duccio's Maestà, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance, is unveiled and installed in Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.
• The Parisian Faculty of Theology fines Simon de Colines for publishing the Biblical commentary Commentarii initiatorii in quatuor Evangelia by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples.
• Jacques Cartier is the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River.
• Second Anglo-Dutch War: The Raid on the Medway by the Dutch fleet begins. It lasts for five days and results in the worst ever defeat of the Royal Navy.
• James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of the future U.S. state of Georgia.
• The British schooner Gaspee is burned in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.
• Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battles of Arklow and Saintfield.

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• Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
• Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces as he heads for Rome.
• Vikings raid the abbey at Lindisfarne in Northumbria, commonly accepted as the beginning of Norse activity in the British Isles.
• Edward the Confessor becomes King of England - the country's penultimate Anglo-Saxon king.
• Richard I arrives in Acre, beginning the Third Crusade.
• Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese victory at the Battle of Ameixial ensures Portugal's independence from Spain.
• Alexander Fordyce flees to France to avoid debt repayment, triggering the credit crisis of 1772 in the British Empire and the Dutch Republic.
• American Revolutionary War: Continental Army attackers are driven back at the Battle of Trois-Rivières.
• Laki, a volcano in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills over 9,000 people and starts a seven-year famine.
• James Madison introduces twelve proposed amendments to the United States Constitution in Congress.
• Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates the French Revolution's new state religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, with large organized festivals all across France.
• A group of 194 Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the mutineers of HMS Bounty, arrives at Norfolk Island, commencing the Third Settlement of the Island.
• American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.

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• Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
• Henry II, a cousin of Emperor Otto III, is elected and crowned King of Germany.
• First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.
• Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine, ending the independence of the Patria del Friuli.
• Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
• The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document, is granted the Royal Assent by Charles I and becomes law.
• Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1,600 people are killed and 3,000 are seriously injured.
• Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. The motion is seconded by John Adams and will lead to the United States Declaration of Independence.

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• Battle of Novara. In the Italian Wars, Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing them to abandon Milan; Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.
• Swedish regent Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden and, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union, 6 June is designated the country's national day.
• Swedish Queen Christina abdicated her throne in favour of her cousin Charles Gustav and converted to Catholicism.
• In the Seven Years' War, British forces begin the Siege of Havana and temporarily capture the city.
• The Battle of Stoney Creek, considered a critical turning point in the War of 1812. A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler.
• Alexis St Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.
• The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard.
• Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales. The date is still celebrated as Queensland Day.

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• Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
• Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.
• The Battle of Worringen ends the War of the Limburg Succession, with John I, Duke of Brabant, being one of the more important victors.
• The masque Tethys' Festival is performed at Whitehall Palace to celebrate the investiture of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.
• The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.
• The Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread the United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.
• The first Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.
• HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
• The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis Philippe.
• Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.
• Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, starts a ten-month run in the National Era abolitionist newspaper.

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• Sack of Rome: Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks.
• First Crusade: The first Siege of Antioch ends as Crusader forces take the city; the second siege began five days later.
• London: Virginia gets new charter, extending borders from "sea to sea".
• The first Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.
• Franco-Dutch War: France ensured the supremacy of its naval fleet for the remainder of the war with its victory in the Battle of Palermo.
• Bridget Bishop is the first person to be tried for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts; she was found guilty and later hanged.
• Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
• Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act is enacted, allowing a governor in colonial America to house British soldiers in uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings if suitable quarters are not provided.
• Gordon Riots anti Catholic riots in London resulting in an estimated 300-700 deaths.
• French Revolution: François Hanriot, leader of the Parisian National Guard, arrests 22 Girondists selected by Jean-Paul Marat, setting the stage for the Reign of Terror.
• Napoleonic Wars: A Franco-Spanish fleet recaptures Diamond Rock, an uninhabited island at the entrance to the bay leading to Fort-de-France, from the British.

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