A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
• Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
• The Pazzi family attack on Lorenzo de' Medici kills his brother Giuliano during High Mass in Florence Cathedral.
• Playwright William Shakespeare is baptized in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England (date of birth is unknown).
• The Virginia Company colonists make landfall at Cape Henry.
• A massive earthquake devastates the Iranian city of Tabriz.
• The Royal Academy of Arts hosts its first art opening.
• Sybil Ludington, aged 16, rode 40 miles (64 km) to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British regular forces
• Battle of Beaumont during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Napoleon Bonaparte signs a general amnesty to allow all but about one thousand of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France.

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• The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim control over the South Caucasus is solidified and its Islamization begins, while several major Armenian nakharar families lose power and their remnants flee to the Byzantine Empire.
• After mistreatment and disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, pope Leo III flees to the Frankish court of king Charlemagne at Paderborn for protection.
• Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
• Transition from Ming to Qing: The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.
• Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine.
• Charles Fremantle arrives in HMS Challenger off the coast of modern-day Western Australia prior to declaring the Swan River Colony for the British Empire.
• Thornton Affair: Open conflict begins over the disputed border of Texas, triggering the Mexican-American War.
• The Governor General of Canada, Lord Elgin, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.
• British and French engineers break ground for the Suez Canal.

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• Battle of Mühlberg. Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Dauphin of France, François, at Notre Dame de Paris.
• The first regular newspaper in British Colonial America, The Boston News-Letter, is published.
• French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris.
• The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase "such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress".
• The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9000 houses.
• Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.
• American sharpshooter Annie Oakley is hired by Nate Salsbury to be a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West.
• Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop "Spray".
• The Woolworth Building, a skyscraper in New York City, is opened.
• The Franck-Hertz experiment, a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society.
• The arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Istanbul marks the beginning of the Armenian genocide.
• Easter Rising: Irish rebels, led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, launch an uprising in Dublin against British rule and proclaim an Irish Republic.
• Ernest Shackleton and five men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launch a lifeboat from uninhabited Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean to organise a rescue for the crew of the sunken Endurance.
• World War I: First tank-to-tank combat, during the second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. Three British Mark IVs meet three German A7Vs.

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• Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico, defeating queen Yohl Ik'nal and sacking the city.
• Battle of Clontarf: High King of Ireland Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle.
• Edmund Ironside succeeds his father Æthelred the Unready as King of England.
• St. George's Night Uprising commences in the Duchy of Estonia.
• The founding of the Order of the Garter by King Edward III is announced on St. George's Day.
• Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvarez Cabral reaches new coastline (Brazil).
• The Munich Reinheitsgebot (regarding the ingredients of beer) takes effect in all of Bavaria.
• Battle of Villalar: King Charles I of Spain defeats the Comuneros.
• The first public school in the United States, Boston Latin School, is founded in Boston.
• The Siege of Santo Domingo begins during the Anglo-Spanish War, and fails seven days later.
• Treaty of Oliva is established between Sweden and Poland.
• King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
• The Second Serbian Uprising: A second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, erupts shortly after the annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire.

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• Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws emperor Maximinus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
• Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
• Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
• Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues (1,250 kilometres (780 mi)) east of the Moluccas.
• The Capture of Ormuz by the East India Company ends Portuguese control of Hormuz Island.
• The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: The Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.
• Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, forces under Texas General Sam Houston identify Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna among the captives of the battle when some of his fellow soldiers mistakenly give away his identity.
• The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 that permitted the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
• The first National League baseball game is played at the Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia.
• At noon, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed with populations of at least 10,000.
• Spanish-American War: The USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.
• The 1906 Intercalated Games, now recognized as part of the official Olympic Games, open in Athens.
• The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres.

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• Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws emperor Maximinus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
• Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
• Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
• Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues (1,250 kilometres (780 mi)) east of the Moluccas.
• The Capture of Ormuz by the East India Company ends Portuguese control of Hormuz Island.
• The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: The Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.
• Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, forces under Texas General Sam Houston identify Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna among the captives of the battle when some of his fellow soldiers mistakenly give away his identity.
• The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 that permitted the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
• The first National League baseball game is played at the Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia.
• At noon, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed with populations of at least 10,000.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

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• The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
• Three Genoese galleys and a Byzantine blockade runner fight their way through an Ottoman blockading fleet a few weeks before the fall of Constantinople.
• Jacques Cartier begins his first voyage to what is today the east coast of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador.
• The sun dog phenomenon is observed over Stockholm, as later depicted in the famous painting Vädersolstavlan.
• Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.
• Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet under heavy fire at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
• Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City).
• Deposed monarch James II of England lays siege to Derry.
• Start of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740-57).
• The Georgian king, Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.
• American Revolutionary War: The Siege of Boston begins, following the battles at Lexington and Concord.

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• The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
• Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria).
• Empress Irene organizes a conspiracy against her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI. He is deposed and blinded. Shortly after, Constantine dies of his wounds; Irene proclaims herself basileus.
• The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are being slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics.
• Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
• In Ireland: O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.
• The town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad, lit. "New Town") was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
• The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
• With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa was not born until 1717.
• Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.
• Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI of France in a proxy wedding.
• American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord.
• John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy.
• An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.

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• King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
• Peace of Ferrara between Republic of Venice, Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence and House of Gonzaga: ending of the second campaign of the Wars in Lombardy fought until the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which will then guarantee the conditions for the development of the Italian Renaissance.
• The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid.
• Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland.
• Trial of Martin Luther begins its second day during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. He refuses to recant his teachings despite the risk of excommunication.
• Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros.
• Real Academia de la Historia ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in Madrid.
• American Revolution: The British advancement by sea begins; Paul Revere and other riders warn the countryside of the troop movements.
• The University of Alabama is founded in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
• American victory at the battle of Cerro Gordo opens the way for invasion of Mexico.
• "The Spirits Book" by Allan Kardec is published, marking the birth of Spiritualism in France.
• Battle of Dybbøl: A Prussian-Austrian army defeats Denmark and gains control of Schleswig. Denmark surrenders the province in the following peace settlement.

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• Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
• The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan II.
• Kaunas Castle falls to the Teutonic Order after a month-long siege.
• Spain and Christopher Columbus sign the Capitulations of Santa Fe for his voyage to Asia to acquire spices.
• Trial of Martin Luther over his teachings begins during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. Initially intimidated, he asks for time to reflect before answering and is given a stay of one day.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano reaches New York harbor.
• Sir Ralph Abercromby attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico, in what would be one of the largest invasions of the Spanish territories in the Americas.
• Citizens of Verona begin an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
• The state of Virginia's secession convention votes to secede from the United States, later becoming the eighth state to join the Confederate States of America.
• American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins: Troops under Union Army Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.

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