A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed Roman emperor.
• Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka.
• The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish noblemen are publicly beheaded in the aftermath of the War against Sigismund (1598-1599).
• The Dutch East India Company is established.
• Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment.
• After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
• German revolutions of 1848-49: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.

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• The Byzantine-Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
• A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen ends the Song dynasty in China.
• The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England.
• Frederick III of Habsburg is the last Holy Roman Emperor crowned by medieval tradition in Rome by Pope Nicholas V
• The Edict of Amboise is signed, ending the first phase of the French Wars of Religion and granting certain freedoms to the Huguenots.
• The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring it "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
• Explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle, searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River, is murdered by his own men.
• Charles IV, king of Spain, abdicates after riots and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez. His son, Ferdinand VII, takes the throne.
• The Cortes of Cádiz promulgates the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
• First documented bank heist in U.S. history, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street. Most of the money was recovered.
• The Taiping reform movement occupies and makes Nanjing its capital until 1864.
• The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
• The SS Georgiana, said to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser, is destroyed on her maiden voyage with a cargo of munitions, medicines, and merchandise then valued at over $1,000,000.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins. By the end of the battle two days later, Confederate forces had retreated from Four Oaks, North Carolina.
• Louis Riel declares a provisional government in Saskatchewan, beginning the North-West Rebellion.

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• Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (aka Caligula = Little Boots) emperor.
• An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula leaves up to 20,000 dead.
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
• First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city.
• Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
• Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of the Romans.
• Valletta is made the capital city of Malta.
• Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
• The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.
• New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
• American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act.
• The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.

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• Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
• Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
• Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur.
• The Long Parliament of England is dissolved so as to prepare for the new Convention Parliament.
• The Army Corps of Engineers is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point.
• Prince Willem proclaims himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the first constitutional monarch in the Netherlands.
• The Wanderers F.C. win the first FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world, beating Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1-0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.
• In Melbourne, the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution, which would become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.[page needed]

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• Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
• Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles, Duke of Mayenne, during the French Wars of Religion.
• Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
• According to his own account, Otto von Guericke completes his book Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio, detailing his experiments on vacuum and his discovery of electrostatic repulsion.
• The Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of Ronas Voe results in the Dutch East India Company ship Wapen van Rotterdam being captured with a death toll of up to 300 Dutch crew and soldiers.
• Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard HMS Monarch for breach of the Articles of War.
• American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans.
• Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin.
• The Mikado, a light opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, receives its first public performance at the Savoy Theatre in London.
• The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard.
• Utah governor Heber Manning Wells vetoes a bill that would have eased restriction on polygamy.
• Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, the first national wildlife refuge in the US, is established by President Theodore Roosevelt.
• In the second of the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites, about 80% of the population in Zone II votes to remain part of Weimar Germany.

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• The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
• At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.
• Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.
• Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
• The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins.
• William Herschel discovers Uranus.
• Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.
• A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry.
• Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.
• The German revolutions of 1848-1849 begin in Vienna.

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• Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
• Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Catholic Church. He is best known for initiating the Crusades.
• German city Munich (München) is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I.
• Start of the Siege of Maastricht, part of the Eighty Years' War.
• Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Society of Jesus, are canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
• James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland.
• Peninsular War: A day after a successful rearguard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delays the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha.
• The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in the United States.
• The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra.
• Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for most of the period since 1713.
• The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin.
• In California, the St. Francis Dam fails; the resulting floods kill 431 people.
• Mahatma Gandhi begins the Salt March, a 200-mile march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt in India.

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• Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
• Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.
• Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.
• The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil.
• The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time.
• Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.
• The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.
• The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory.
• Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.

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• Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.
• The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan. He declares himself emperor.
• After establishing the city of Santo Domingo, Christopher Columbus departs for Spain, leaving his brother in command.
• Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga, the fourth Bishop of Panama, discovers the Galápagos Islands by chance on his way to Peru.
• Susenyos I defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
• Charles I dissolves the Parliament of England, beginning the eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule.
• French "Sun King" Louis XIV begins his personal rule of France after the death of his premier, the Cardinal Mazarin.
• An agreement between Nader Shah and Russia is signed near Ganja, Azerbaijan and Russian troops are withdrawn from occupied territories.
• French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.
• Emperor Napoleon I is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
• The French Foreign Legion is created by Louis Philippe, the King of France, from the foreign regiments of the Kingdom of France.
• The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican-American War.

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• First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
• Khwarazmian sultan Jalal ad-Din conquers the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.
• Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus in the Battle of Klokotnitsa.
• The fleet of Pedro Álvares Cabral leaves Lisbon for the Indies. The fleet will discover Brazil which lies within boundaries granted to Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.
• Safavid troops retreat from Basra, ending a three-year occupation.
• After a campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have actually died by suicide.
• The Wealth of Nations by Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith is published.
• Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano at the Battle of Tacuarí.
• Francis Ronalds describes the first battery-operated clock in the Philosophical Magazine.
• The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the United States v. The Amistad case that captive Africans who had seized control of the ship carrying them had been taken into slavery illegally.
• Giuseppe Verdi's third opera, Nabucco, receives its première performance in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera composers.
• The first documented discovery of gold in California occurs at Rancho San Francisco, six years before the California Gold Rush.
• Mexican-American War: The first large-scale amphibious assault in U.S. history is launched in the Siege of Veracruz.

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