A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
• Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
• The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
• The second of two the treaties making up the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis is signed, ending the Italian Wars.
• Robert Walpole becomes, in effect, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain, though he himself denied that title.
• Rama IV is crowned King of Thailand after the death of his half-brother, Rama III.
• The first successful United States Pony Express run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, begins.
• American Civil War: Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America.
• American Old West: Robert Ford kills Jesse James.
• Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for a light, high-speed, four-stroke engine, which he uses seven months later to create the world's first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen.
• The trial in the libel case brought by Oscar Wilde begins, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.

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• Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Johns River.
• Commodore William James captures the Maratha fortress of Suvarnadurg on the west coast of India.
• The Coinage Act is passed by Congress, establishing the United States Mint.
• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony in Vienna.
• French Revolutionary Wars: In the Battle of Copenhagen a British Royal Navy squadron defeats a hastily-assembled, smaller, mostly-volunteer Dano-Norwegian Navy at high cost, forcing Denmark out of the Second League of Armed Neutrality.
• American Civil War: The largest in a series of Southern bread riots occurs in Richmond, Virginia.
• American Civil War: Defeat at the Third Battle of Petersburg forces the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate government to abandon Richmond, Virginia.
• Canadian Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake, killing nine.
• Dmitry Sipyagin, Minister of Interior of the Russian Empire, is assassinated in the Marie Palace, Saint Petersburg.
• "Electric Theatre", the first full-time movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles.
• The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducts the country's first national census.
• The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.

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• According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
• Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
• In New York City, the United States House of Representatives achieves its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first Speaker.
• The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin.
• American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line.
• The White Star steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 in one of the worst marine disasters of the 19th century.

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• Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro-Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague.
• The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers.
• Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England.
• Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
• Joachim Murat issues the Rimini Proclamation which would later inspire Italian unification.
• Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically-rotating crystal or liquid.
• The Florida Territory is created in the United States.
• The National Bank of Greece is founded in Athens.
• Ether anesthesia is used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long.
• One of the most important battles of the Dominican War of Independence from Haiti takes place near the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.
• Origins of the American Civil War: "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invade Kansas and force election of a pro-slavery legislature.
• The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War.
• Discovery of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium.
• Danish prince Wilhelm Georg is chosen as King George of Greece.
• Alaska is purchased from Russia for $7.2 million, about two cents/acre ($4.19/km2), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward.

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• Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
• The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice.
• Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a temporary stop to the Wars of the Roses.
• Cesare Borgia is given the title of Captain General and Gonfalonier by his father Rodrigo Borgia after returning from his conquests in the Romagna.
• The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, is founded.
• Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.
• King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.
• Construction is authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.
• King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.
• Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniaks rebel against Turkey.
• Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.
• The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab.
• Sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry mutinies against the East India Company's rule in India and inspires the protracted Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
• American Civil War: Federal forces under Major General Philip Sheridan move to flank Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee as the Appomattox Campaign begins.

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• Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
• After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus.
• Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor.
• The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
• Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco.
• Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia.
• Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples.
• Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered.
• Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín.
• War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels.
• First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai.
• Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia.
• First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins.

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• Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
• Pope John XXII issues his In Agro Dominico condemning some writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical.
• Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León reaches the northern end of The Bahamas on his first voyage to Florida.
• Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France.
• The first of four destructive Calabrian earthquakes strikes southern Italy. Measuring magnitude 6.8 and assigned a Mercalli intensity of XI, it kills 10,000-30,000 people.
• The Second Rockingham ministry assumes office in Great Britain and begins negotiations to end the American War of Independence.
• The United States Government establishes a permanent navy and authorizes the building of six frigates.
• Peninsular War: A combined Franco-Polish force defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Ciudad Real.
• War of 1812: In central Alabama, U.S. forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
• Texas Revolution: On the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican Army massacres 342 Texian Army POWs at Goliad, Texas.
• The first international rugby football match, when Scotland defeats England in Edinburgh at Raeburn Place.

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• Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt.
• Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
• Saladin becomes the emir of Egypt.
• The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end.
• Combat of the Thirty: Thirty Breton knights call out and defeat thirty English knights.
• William Caxton prints his translation of Aesop's Fables.
• Guru Amar Das becomes the Third Sikh guru.
• Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
• The Royal Academy of Turku, the first university of Finland, is founded in the city of Turku by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe.
• Silver-loaded Spanish ship San José is pushed south by strong winds, subsequently it wrecks in the coast of southern Chile and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous Cuncos.
• Safavid government troops take control of Basra.
• William Dampier is the first European to circumnavigate New Britain, discovering it is an island (which he names Nova Britannia) rather than part of New Guinea.

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• Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
• Romanos Lekapenos seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople and becomes regent of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII.
• Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah assassinates the eunuch chief minister Barjawan and assumes control of the government.
• Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scots (Scotland).
• The Council of Pisa convenes, in an attempt to heal the Western Schism.
• Hernando Cortes, entering province of Tabasco, defeats Tabascan Indians.
• Jerome Savage takes out a sub-lease to start the Newington Butts Theatre outside London.
• Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia.
• Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.
• A French fleet anchors nears Fife Ness as part of the planned French invasion of Britain.
• The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom.
• The Swansea and Mumbles Railway, then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger-carrying railway in the world.

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• King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
• English victory over a Franco-Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate.
• Turco-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.[full citation needed]
• James VI of Scotland is proclaimed King James I of England and Ireland, upon the death of Elizabeth I.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei, and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, Japan.
• The Province of Carolina is granted by charter to eight Lords Proprietor in reward for their assistance in restoring Charles II of England to the throne.
• Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated six concertos to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, now commonly called the Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051.
• Great Britain passes the Quartering Act, which requires the Thirteen Colonies to house British troops.
• In Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announces a general uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia, and assumes the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.

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