A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Ferdowsi completes his epic poem Shahnameh.
• Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
• Battle of Hausbergen between bourgeois militias and the army of the bishop of Strasbourg.
• Queen Anne, the younger sister of Mary II, becomes Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• The Safavid Empire of Iran is defeated by an army from Afghanistan at the Battle of Gulnabad.
• Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran.
• An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine, publishes "African Slavery in America", the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.
• Gnadenhutten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity, are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indian tribes.
• War of the Second Coalition: At the Battle of Abukir, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
• King Oscar I ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway.
• The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, was reopened after 45 years of closure.
• Sakai incident: Japanese samurai kill 11 French sailors in the port of Sakai, Osaka.

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• Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Coblenz in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin.
• The University of Paris issues the last in a series of condemnations of various philosophical and theological theses.
• A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman-Venetian War and leaving Cyprus in Ottoman hands.
• Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
• Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne.
• Brazilian marines unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina.
• Shrigley abduction: Ellen Turner is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a future politician in colonial New Zealand.
• Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
• American Civil War: Union forces engage Confederate troops at the Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas.
• Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the "telephone".
• The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore.
• Second Boer War: Boers, led by Koos de la Rey, inflict the biggest defeat upon the British since the beginning of the war, at Tweebosch.

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• The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
• The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam.
• Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete.
• The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.
• Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed.
• Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.
• The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
• The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.
• The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.
• York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.

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• Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
• Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern journey which he will later describe in his book Safarnama.
• The Livonian Order is defeated in the Battle of Aizkraukle by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
• King Henry VII of England issues letters patent to John Cabot and his sons, authorising them to explore unknown lands.
• Nicolaus Copernicus's book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is added to the Index of Forbidden Books 73 years after it was first published.
• Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.
• Boston Massacre: Five Americans, including Crispus Attucks, are fatally shot by British troops in an event that would contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (also known as the American War of Independence) five years later.
• Peninsular War: A French force under the command of Marshal Victor is routed while trying to prevent an Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese army from lifting the Siege of Cádiz in the Battle of Barrosa.
• First Anglo-Burmese War: The British officially declare war on Burma.
• Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful Caribbean pirates, is defeated in combat and captured by authorities.
• Samuel Colt patents the first production-model revolver, the .34-caliber.
• The Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales is opened.
• Parma, Tuscany, Modena and Romagna vote in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• Mefistofele, an opera by Arrigo Boito, receives its premiere performance at La Scala.

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• Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title princeps iuventutis (head of the youth).
• Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
• Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a statute, a document with the first known written mention of the Croats name in Croatian sources.
• Translation of the relics of martyr Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, Prince of the Czechs.
• Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of Germany.
• The Battle of the Sit River is fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Rus'.
• Ramathibodi becomes King of Siam.
• Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) is crowned King of Poland.
• Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his House of York cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV.
• Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal, aboard his ship Niña from his voyage to what are now The Bahamas and other islands in the Caribbean.
• Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico in search of the Aztec civilization and its wealth.
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter.
• English King Charles II declares war on the Netherlands marking the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

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• Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
• Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan Karrani's army at the Battle of Tukaroi.
• The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza.
• American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins the Battle of Nassau.
• American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed at the Battle of Brier Creek near Savannah, Georgia.
• The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison.
• The U.S. Congress passes the Missouri Compromise.
• Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.
• The Territory of Minnesota is created.
• The two-day Great Slave Auction, the largest such auction in United States history, concludes.
• Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs.
• Censorship in the United States: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene literature and articles of immoral use" through the mail.

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• Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his bucellarii are almost cut off.
• Louis V becomes the last Carolingian king of West Francia after the death of his father, Lothaire.
• Skanderbeg organizes a group of Albanian nobles to form the League of Lezhë.
• George of Poděbrady is chosen as the king of Bohemia.
• Burgundian Wars: The Old Swiss Confederacy hands Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson in Canton of Neuchâtel.
• The College of Arms is formally incorporated by Royal Charter signed by King Richard III of England.
• Vasco da Gama's fleet visits the Island of Mozambique.
• The Great Fire of Meireki begins in Edo (now Tokyo), Japan, causing more than 100,000 deaths before it exhausts itself three days later.
• American Revolutionary War: Patriot militia units attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in and around the Savannah River by a small fleet of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Rice Boats.
• Claude Chappe demonstrates the first semaphore line near Paris.
• The Bank of England issues the first one-pound and two-pound banknotes.
• The U.S. Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, disallowing the importation of new slaves into the country.
• Signing of the Kandyan Convention treaty by British invaders and the leaders of the Kingdom of Kandy.

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• In Queen Anne's War, French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive.
• Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation.
• The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
• St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated.
• The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks.

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• The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
• Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on the order of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
• The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh.
• Elias Lönnrot signed and dated the first version of the Kalevala, the so-called foreword to the Old Kalevala.
• The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence.
• The Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.
• February 28 Incident: In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with the loss of an estimated 30,000 civilians.
• Christiansborg Cross-Roads shooting in the Gold Coast, when a British police officer opens fire on a march of ex-servicemen, killing three of them and sparking major riots and looting in Accra.
• A school bus in Floyd County, Kentucky hits a wrecker truck and plunges down an embankment into the rain-swollen Levisa Fork river. The driver and 26 children die in what remains one of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history.
• Discoverer 1, an American spy satellite that is the first object intended to achieve a polar orbit, is launched but fails to achieve orbit.
• A NASA T-38 Talon crashes into the McDonnell Aircraft factory while attempting a poor-visibility landing at Lambert Field, St. Louis, killing astronauts Elliot See and Charles Bassett.
• China-United States relations: The United States and China sign the Shanghai Communiqué.

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• Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
• Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
• Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights.
• Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.
• Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843).
• Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress.
• Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.
• In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight.
• German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia.
• Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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