A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Lateran Council condemns the Council of Hieria and anathematizes its iconoclastic rulings.
• Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Terek River. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the throne.
• Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
• Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of a Royalist Army.
• The Pocotaligo Massacre triggers the start of the Yamasee War in colonial South Carolina.
• Foundation of the Kingdom of Corsica.
• Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, receives its premiere performance in London, England.
• Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language is published in London.
• Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc found the American School for the Deaf, the first American school for deaf students, in Hartford, Connecticut.
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers to quell the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War.
• President Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President upon Lincoln's death.
• The General Electric Company is formed.
• Closing ceremony of the Games of the I Olympiad in Athens, Greece.

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• Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum to take power over Rome.
• After his marriage to the Christian Doubravka of Bohemia, the pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converts to Christianity, an event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
• Co-Emperor Otto II, a son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu. She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome.
• Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
• In England, the Yorkists under Edward IV defeat the Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick at the Battle of Barnet; the Earl is killed and Edward IV resumes the throne.
• A celestial phenomenon is reported over Nuremberg, described as an aerial battle.
• Bussa, a slave in British-ruled Barbados, leads a slave rebellion. For this, he is remembered as the first national hero of Barbados.
• Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader.
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is shot in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth; Lincoln lives till the following day.
• U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked at home by Lewis Powell.

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• Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
• Miyamoto Musashi defeats Sasaki Kojirō at Funajima island.
• Samuel Argall, having captured Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia, sets off with her to Jamestown with the intention of exchanging her for English prisoners held by her father.
• The Sikh religion was formalised as the Khalsa – the brotherhood of Warrior-Saints – by Guru Gobind Singh in northern India, in accordance with the Nanakshahi calendar.
• George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah makes its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland.
• American Revolutionary War: American forces are ambushed and defeated in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey.
• The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 gives Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom the right to vote and to sit in Parliament.
• Lajos Kossuth presents the Hungarian Declaration of Independence in a closed session of the National Assembly.
• American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.
• American Civil War: Raleigh, North Carolina is occupied by Union Forces.
• The New York City Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.
• The Colfax massacre, in which more than 60 black men are murdered, takes place.
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre: British Indian Army troops lead by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer killed approx 379-1000 unarmed demonstrators including men and women in Amritsar, India; and approximately 1,500 injured.

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• Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
• Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
• War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrarese forces led by Gaston de Foix and Alfonso I d'Este win the Battle of Ravenna against the Papal-Spanish forces.
• Italian War of 1542-46: A French army defeats Habsburg forces at the Battle of Ceresole, but fails to exploit its victory.
• William III and Mary II are crowned as joint sovereigns of Great Britain.
• War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War): Treaty of Utrecht.
• Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
• An incomplete British victory over the French fleet at the Battle of the Basque Roads results in the court-martial of James, Lord Gambier.
• The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time.
• Second Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaría burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.
• Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
• The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized.
• Spelman College is founded in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, an institute of higher education for African-American women.
• SMS Blücher, the last armored cruiser to be built by the Imperial German Navy, is launched.

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• Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. Three years later, he would be deposed due to alleged heresy.
• Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
• Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama visits the Ming dynasty capital at Nanjing. He is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
• Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
• The settlement of Villa Imperial de Carlos V (now the city of Potosí) in Bolivia is founded after the discovery of huge silver deposits in the area.
• The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
• The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
• Robert Walpole resigns from the British government, commencing the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.
• War of the Austrian Succession: Prussia gains control of Silesia at the Battle of Mollwitz.
• Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.
• The Mount Tambora volcano begins a three-month-long eruption, lasting until July 15. The eruption ultimately kills 71,000 people and affects Earth's climate for the next two years.
• The Federal government of the United States approves the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.
• Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.
• The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.

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• The distinguished soldier Septimus Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
• Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
• Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. He starts, despite shortages, raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges is forced into a stalemate.
• Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
• Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
• Despite being outnumbered 16 to 1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
• The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.
• Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
• Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
• Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.

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• Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
• The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
• Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Innocent II for supporting Anacletus II as pope for seven years, even though Roger had already publicly recognized Innocent's claim to the papacy.
• Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.
• Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols begin their siege on Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty.
• Seventh Crusade: Ayyubids of Egypt capture King Louis IX of France in the Battle of Fariskur.
• In Syria, sultan Baibars conquers the Krak des Chevaliers.
• Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
• Czar Alexander I, the Russian Emperor and the Grand Duke of Finland, officially announces the transfer of the status of the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki.
• The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Milos.
• Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
• Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
• William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the British House of Commons.
• In Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. the Supreme Court of the United States declares unapportioned income tax to be unconstitutional.

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• Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning most of the town.
• First Corpus Juris Civilis, a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.
• Empress Matilda becomes the first female ruler of England, adopting the title 'Lady of the English'.
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV charters Prague University.
• Felix V abdicates his claim to the papacy, ending the reign of the final Antipope.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
• Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
• Premiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245, at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig.
• End of Burmese-Siamese War (1765-67).
• Settlers establish Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent settlement created by U.S. citizens in the recently organized Northwest Territory.

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• The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.
• Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople. The city falls on May 29, and is renamed Istanbul.
• One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.
• At the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.
• The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.
• American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy fail in their attempt to capture a Royal Navy dispatch boat.
• King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) establishes the Chakri dynasty.
• During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.
• John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America's first millionaire.
• British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz. This would be the turning point in the Peninsular War against Napoleon-led France.

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• Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
• The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his army.
• During the Battle on the Ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.
• Two hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrick van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Seventeen Provinces.
• In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
• United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States.
• Peace of Basel between France and Prussia is made.
• In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead.
• Bolivia declares war on Chile, and Chile declares war on Peru, starting the War of the Pacific.
• The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated.

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