A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remaining Jews are forcibly removed from Strasbourg.
• Spanish conquistadores, led by Nuño de Guzmán, overthrow and execute Tangaxuan II, the last independent monarch of the Tarascan state in present-day central Mexico.
• Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate at Whitehall Palace, London.
• The Mapuches launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile beginning the Mapuche uprising of 1655.
• The United States flag is formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when French Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte renders a nine gun salute to USS Ranger, commanded by John Paul Jones.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Kettle Creek is fought in Georgia.

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• Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
• The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
• The Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
• Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta.
• Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
• Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• With the accession of young Charles XI of Sweden, his regents begin negotiations to end the Second Northern War.
• William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
• Massacre of Glencoe: Almost 80 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
• Treaty of Giyanti signed by VOC, Pakubuwono III and Prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divides the Javanese kingdom of Mataram into two: Sunanate of Surakarta and Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
• The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized.
• Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta ends with the capitulation of the defending fortress, effectively bringing an end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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• Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.
• Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
• Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.
• The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
• Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah.
• Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.
• An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.
• Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
• Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.
• Michigan State University is established.
• Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague

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• Henry VIII of England is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England.
• A naval expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived Spanish settlements in the Strait of Magellan.
• Sir Francis Drake with an English force captures and occupies the Spanish colonial port of Cartagena de Indias for two months, obtaining a ransom and booty.
• The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.
• First session of United States Senate opens to the public.
• Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.
• University College London is founded as University of London.
• Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France.

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• Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
• In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparking the revolution in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
• The St Scholastica Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India.
• Lord Darnley, second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is found strangled following an explosion at the Kirk o' Field house in Edinburgh, Scotland, a suspected assassination.
• French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Quebec to Great Britain.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Champaubert ends in French victory over the Russians and the Prussians.
• Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
• First Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Sobraon: British defeat Sikhs in the final battle of the war.
• Jefferson Davis is notified by telegraph that he has been chosen as provisional President of the Confederate States of America.

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• Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake.
• Gregory XV becomes Pope, the last Pope elected by acclamation.
• American Revolutionary War: The British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion.
• Rhode Island becomes the fourth US state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Haiti attacks the newly established Dominican Republic on the other side of the island of Hispaniola.

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• The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir.
• Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah.
• The Byzantine civil war of 1341-47 ends with a power-sharing agreement between John VI Kantakouzenos and John V Palaiologos.
• Leiden University is founded, and given the motto Praesidium Libertatis.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed on suspicion of having been involved in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.
• Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I and the revolt is quickly crushed.
• The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, America, is granted a charter by King William III and Queen Mary II.
• After two days of bitter fighting, the Russians under Bennigsen and the Prussians under L'Estocq concede the Battle of Eylau to Napoleon.
• Las Heras completes his crossing of the Andes with an army to join San Martín and liberate Chile from Spain.

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• Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
• Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.
• Albert III of Mecklenburg (King Albert of Sweden) grants city rights to Ulvila (Swedish: Ulvsby).
• In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities".
• Guaraní War: The leader of the Guaraní rebels, Sepé Tiaraju, is killed in a skirmish with Spanish and Portuguese troops.
• American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
• The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
• Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day.
• The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
• In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar.

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• The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop.
• James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of his brother Charles II.
• The warrior queen Dandara, leader of the runaway slaves in Quilombo dos Palmares, Brazil, is captured and commits suicide rather than be returned to a life of slavery.
• American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France signaling official recognition of the new republic.
• New York became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Battle of San Domingo: British naval victory against the French in the Caribbean.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore.
• The first 86 African American immigrants sponsored by the American Colonization Society depart New York to start a settlement in present-day Liberia.
• Otto becomes the first modern King of Greece.
• Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.

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• Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
• An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang Dynasty, declares himself emperor and establishes the state of Yan.
• Idris I reaches Volubilis and founds the Idrisid dynasty, marking the secession of Morocco from the Abbasid caliphate and founding the first Moroccan state.
• A group of early Japanese Christians are killed by the new government of Japan for being seen as a threat to Japanese society.
• South Carolina becomes the second state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca.
• In Calabria, a sequence of strong earthquakes begins.
• HMS Blenheim and HMS Java disappear off the coast of Rodrigues.

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