A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
• Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.
• Coronation of Francis I of France takes place at Reims Cathedral, where the new monarch is anointed with the oil of Clovis and girt with the sword of Charlemagne.
• Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn.
• São Paulo, Brazil, is founded by Jesuit priests.
• Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• Luanda, the capital of Angola, is founded by the Portuguese navigator Paulo Dias de Novais.
• Moscow University is established on Tatiana Day.
• Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands near the southern tip of South America, is founded.

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• Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula.
• The Council of Basel suspends Pope Eugene IV.
• Matthias Corvinus is elected King of Hungary.
• King Henry VIII of England suffers an accident while jousting, leading to a brain injury that historians say may have influenced his later erratic behaviour and possible impotence.
• King Charles II of England dissolves the Cavalier Parliament.

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• Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
• Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
• In the conflict between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, King Louis IX of France issues the Mise of Amiens, a one-sided decision in favour of Henry that later leads to the Second Barons' War.
• In a coronation ceremony, Zhu Yuanzhang ascends the throne of China as the Hongwu Emperor, initiating Ming dynasty rule over China that would last for three centuries.
• Having published nothing for eleven years, François Rabelais publishes the Tiers Livre, his sequel to Gargantua and Pantagruel.
• The deadliest earthquake in history, the Shaanxi earthquake, hits Shaanxi province, China. The death toll may have been as high as 830,000.
• James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent for the infant King James VI of Scotland, is assassinated by firearm, the first recorded instance of such.
• The Royal Exchange opens in London.
• The Union of Utrecht forms a Protestant republic in the Netherlands.
• Blaise Pascal publishes the first of his Lettres provinciales.
• The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire.
• Georgetown College, the first Catholic university in the United States, is founded in Georgetown, Maryland (now a part of Washington, D.C.) when Bishop John Carroll, Rev. Robert Molyneux, and Rev. John Ashton purchase land for the proposed academy for the education of youth.
• Second Partition of Poland.
• After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns, in a rare occurrence of a battle between ships and cavalry.

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• The first contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican.
• The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Egypt at the Battle of Ridaniya.
• The Ava Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in what is now Myanmar.
• The Convention Parliament convenes to determine whether James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones of England and Ireland when he fled to France in 1688.
• The Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil after fleeing the French army's invasion of Portugal two months earlier.
• The Ashantis defeat British forces in the Gold Coast.
• Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Siege of Multan ends after nine months when the last Sikh defenders of Multan, Punjab, surrender.
• The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to regain Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from occupation by Russia.
• The Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War results in a British defeat.

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• The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
• Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm.
• The RMS Tayleur sinks off Lambay Island on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to Australia with great loss of life.
• American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate.

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• The first English parliament to include not only Lords but also representatives of the major towns holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now commonly known as the "Houses of Parliament".
• Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.
• Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway.
• Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command of Estácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.
• The Mexican city of León is founded by order of the viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza.
• The High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I begins its proceedings.

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• Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender after a forty-day siege led by Tang dynasty general Ashina She'er, establishing Tang control over the northern Tarim Basin in Xinjiang.
• Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, completing his reconquest of Normandy.
• The Italian Duchy of Mirandola surrenders to the Pope.
• San Agustin Church in Manila is officially completed; it is the oldest church still standing in the Philippines.
• Hämeenlinna (Swedish: Tavastehus) was granted privileges after it separated from the Vanaja parish as its own city in Tavastia.
• John Wilkes is expelled from the British House of Commons for seditious libel.
• Bolle Willum Luxdorph records in his diary that a mail bomb, possibly the world's first, has severely injured the Danish Colonel Poulsen, residing at Børglum Abbey.
• The second group of ships of the First Fleet arrive at Botany Bay.

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• Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
• Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chinese throne in favour of his son Emperor Qinzong.
• King Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
• Pope Pius IV reopens the Council of Trent for its third and final session.
• Henry Morgan captures Panama.
• Frederick I crowns himself King of Prussia in Königsberg.
• James Cook is the first known European to discover the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
• The first elements of the First Fleet carrying 736 convicts from Great Britain to Australia arrive at Botany Bay.
• Jan Willem Janssens surrenders the Dutch Cape Colony to the British.

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• Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea.
• Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
• France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain.
• During the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV of France declares war on Spain.
• Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men.
• England's Long Parliament passes the "Vote of No Addresses", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
• Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle.
• American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cowpens: Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina.
• Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed.

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• Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba.
• Saint Marcellus's flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea.
• Bigod's Rebellion, an armed insurrection attempting to resist the English Reformation, begins.
• Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia, replacing the 264-year-old Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia.
• Philip II becomes King of Spain.
• Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried and found guilty of treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
• The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain.
• The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union, paving the way for the creation of Great Britain.

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