A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England in Westminster Abbey, London.
• Truce of Yam-Zapolsky: Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• The British Museum opens to the public.
• American Revolutionary War: New Connecticut (present-day Vermont) declares its independence.
• Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.
• War of 1812: American frigate USS President, commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.
• A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society, belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light.
• Greek War of Independence: Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly.
• American Civil War: Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union, thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy.
• Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park, London, collapses.

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• King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
• Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary.
• The "Fundamental Orders", the first written constitution that created a government, is adopted in Connecticut.
• The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in India between the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marathas.
• American Revolutionary War: Ratification Day, United States - Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain.
• Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII of Sweden in return for Pomerania.
• Napoleon III of France escapes an assassination attempt made by Felice Orsini and his accomplices in Paris.
• Giacomo Puccini's Tosca opens in Rome.
• An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000 people.
• Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition makes landfall on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.
• Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.
• World War II: Japan begins Operation Ke, the successful operation to evacuate its forces from Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal Campaign.

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• Sicut Dudum, forbidding the enslavement of the Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.
• Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is sentenced to death for treason, on the grounds of having quartered his arms to make them similar to those of the King, Henry VIII of England.
• French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany ends with the French vessel running aground, resulting in over 900 deaths.
• The design of the Greek flag is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
• United States President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina's defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis.
• The steamship Lexington burns and sinks four miles off the coast of Long Island with the loss of 139 lives.
• Dr. William Brydon, an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 4,500 men and 12,000 camp followers when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.
• The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the Mexican-American War in California.

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• Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.
• Bayinnaung, who would go on to assemble the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia, is crowned King of Burma.
• The city of Belém, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta, by Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco.
• The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.
• The Palermo rising takes place in Sicily against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• The Royal Aeronautical Society is formed in London.
• Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first imperial coronation in that city in over 200 years.
• The National Trust is founded in the United Kingdom.
• The University of the Philippines College of Law is formally established; three future Philippine presidents are among the first enrollees.

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• Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia becomes King of Bohemia.
• Arauco War: A Spanish army is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile.
• A powerful earthquake destroys parts of Sicily and Malta.
• The first American life insurance company, the Corporation for Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyterian Ministers and of the Poor and Distressed Widows and Children of the Presbyterian Ministers (now part of Unum Group), is incorporated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manipur.
• William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.
• The Michigan Territory is created.
• American Civil War: Battle of Arkansas Post: General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.
• American Civil War: CSS Alabama encounters and sinks the USS Hatteras off Galveston Lighthouse in Texas.

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• Pope Fabian succeeds Anterus to become the twentieth pope of Rome.
• Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo in Sicily for the Normans.
• Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, establishes the Order of the Golden Fleece, the most prestigious, exclusive, and expensive order of chivalry in the world.
• Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
• Archbishop William Laud is beheaded for treason at the Tower of London.
• American Revolution: Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense.
• The Siege of Dunlap's Station begins near Cincinnati during the Northwest Indian War.
• The first steamboat on the Ohio River or the Mississippi River arrives in New Orleans, 82 days after departing from Pittsburgh.
• American Civil War: Florida becomes the third state to secede from the Union.
• The Metropolitan Railway, the world's oldest underground railway, opens between Paddington and Farringdon, marking the beginning of the London Underground.

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• Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
• Jin-Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty.
• The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen.
• Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas in the Battle of Barari Ghat.
• Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States.
• Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred in St Paul's Cathedral.
• Humphry Davy tests his safety lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery.
• The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.
• The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.

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• Jin Huaidi becomes emperor of China in succession to his father, Jin Huidi, despite a challenge from his uncle, Sima Ying.
• François Grimaldi, disguised as a monk, leads his men to capture the fortress protecting the Rock of Monaco, establishing his family as the rulers of Monaco.
• The papal bull Romanus Pontifex awards the Kingdom of Portugal exclusive trade and colonization rights to all of Africa south of Cape Bojador.
• Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany in accordance with a law set by his predecessor, Charles VIII.
• The first Lithuanian-language book, the Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas, is published in Königsberg.
• The premiere of George Frideric Handel's Ariodante takes place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
• Second Jacobite rising: Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling.
• George Washington delivers the first State of the Union address in New York City.
• The Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa becomes the British Cape Colony as a result of the Battle of Blaauwberg.
• Charles Deslondes leads an unsuccessful slave revolt in the North American settlements of St. Charles and St. James, Louisiana.
• War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson leads American forces in victory over the British.
• The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.

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• Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
• French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of England.
• Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia.
• Galileo Galilei makes his first observation of the four Galilean moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa, although he is not able to distinguish the last two until the following day.
• Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in a gas balloon.
• HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin on board, drops anchor off the Chonos Archipelago.
• Thomas Edison makes a kinetoscopic film of someone sneezing. On the same day, his employee, William Kennedy Dickson, receives a patent for motion picture film.
• Montenegrin guerrilla fighters rebel against the planned annexation of Montenegro by Serbia, but fail.
• The New York State Assembly refuses to seat five duly elected Socialist assemblymen.

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• Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eventually lead to the Norman conquest of England.
• Philip of Swabia undergoes a second coronation as King of the Romans.
• Stephen Uroš III is crowned King of Serbia, having defeated his half-brother Stefan Konstantin in battle. His son is crowned "young king" in the same ceremony.
• Charles IV of Bohemia is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy in Milan.
• The Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada at the conclusion of the Granada War.
• The first European school of higher learning in the Americas, Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, is founded by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and Bishop Juan de Zumárraga in Mexico City.
• King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves.
• The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma (Ottavio Farnese), governor in the name of King Philip II of Spain.
• Arauco War: The first Parliament of Quillín is celebrated, putting a temporary hold on hostilities between Mapuches and Spanish in Chile.
• English Restoration: The Fifth Monarchists unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London, England. The revolt is suppressed after a few days.
• The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings, revealing details of fraud among company directors and corrupt politicians.
• In the Battle of Jersey, the British defeat the last attempt by France to invade Jersey in the Channel Islands.

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