A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.
• Louis XV of France survives an assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens, the last person to be executed in France by drawing and quartering, the traditional form of capital punishment used for regicides.
• The Palais Garnier, one of the most famous opera houses in the world, is inaugurated in Paris.
• Kappa Alpha Psi, the world's third oldest and largest black fraternity, is founded at Indiana University.
• The sixth All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Prague Party Conference) opens. In the course of the conference, Vladimir Lenin and his supporters break from the rest of the party to form the Bolshevik movement.
• First Balkan War: The Battle of Lemnos begins; Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war.
• The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and minimum daily wage of $5 in salary plus bonuses.
• The German Workers' Party, which would become the Nazi Party, is founded in Munich.

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• Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
• English Civil War: The Rump Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial.
• Great Britain declares war on Spain, which meant the entry of Spain into the Seven Years' War.
• The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.
• The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, is established in Hamburg, Germany.
• Russo-Turkish War (1877-78): Sofia is liberated from Ottoman rule and designated the capital of Liberated Bulgaria.
• The Fabian Society is founded in London, United Kingdom.
• Sino-French War: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing force at Núi Bop in northern Vietnam.

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• The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor.
• Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
• Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
• The first issue of Berlingske, Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published.
• American General George Washington defeats British General Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton.
• Captain James Onslow, in the Clio, reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.
• Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of Liberia.
• American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States.
• Meiji Restoration in Japan: The Tokugawa shogunate is abolished; agents of Satsuma and Chōshū seize power.
• Sino-French War: Beginning of the Battle of Núi Bop.

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• Reconquista: The Emirate of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
• American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of George Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
• Georgia becomes the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, North America, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.
• The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded by a group of six engineers; Thomas Telford would later become its first president.
• Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as the Brazilians and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.

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• Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II (probable).
• Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.
• Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
• Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers the coast of Brazil.
• The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is first explored by the Portuguese.
• Scotland recognises January 1 as the start of the year, instead of March 25.

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• Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gaul.
• Byzantine general Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily, defeating the Gothic garrison of Palermo (Panormos), and ending his consulship for the year.
• The Lý dynasty of Vietnam ends after 216 years by the enthronement of the boy emperor Trần Thái Tông, husband of the last Lý monarch, Lý Chiêu Hoàng, starting the Trần dynasty.
• James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon, enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain), thus consummating the Christian reconquest of the island of Majorca.
• The First Battle of Cannanore commences, seeing the first use of the naval line of battle.
• The British East India Company is chartered.
• The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay, having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.
• Empress Elizabeth I of Russia issues her ukase incorporating Königsberg into Russia.
• Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000-year lease at £45 per annum and starts brewing Guinness.

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• The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland.
• Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of La Rochelle.
• Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.
• Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
• War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
• The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed.
• The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
• Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.
• Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight.
• Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila.
• Canadian ice hockey player Ernie McLea scores the first hat-trick in Stanley Cup play, and the Cup-winning goal as the Montreal Victorias defeat the Winnipeg Victorias 6-5.
• A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, Illinois kills at least 605.

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• Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
• The Battle of Garigliano (1503) was fought between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo.
• Portuguese forces under the command of Francisco de Almeida attack Khambhat at the Battle of Dabul.
• According to John Smith, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan leader Wahunsenacawh, successfully pleads for his life after tribal leaders attempt to execute him.
• American Revolutionary War: Three thousand British soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell capture Savannah, Georgia.
• USS Constitution, under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, captures HMS Java off the coast of Brazil after a three-hour battle.
• The Treaty of New Echota is signed, ceding all the lands of the Cherokee east of the Mississippi River to the United States.
• The United States annexes the Republic of Texas.
• The launch of HMS Warrior, with her combination of screw propeller, iron hull and iron armour, renders all previous warships obsolete.
• The military coup of Gen. Martinez Campos in Sagunto ends the failed First Spanish Republic and the monarchy is restored as Prince Alfonso is proclaimed King of Spain.

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• A papal conclave begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I.
• Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor.
• Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the Visigoths. He establishes his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour (Southern Gaul).
• An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin, Armenia.
• Edward the Confessor's Romanesque monastic church at Westminster Abbey is consecrated.
• The reign of Emperor Hanazono of Japan begins.
• The Marathas defeat the Adilshahi forces in the Battle of Kolhapur.
• King Taksin's coronation achieved through conquest as a king of Thailand and established Thonburi as a capital.
• Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present-day Toronto).
• Osceola leads his Seminole warriors in Florida into the Second Seminole War against the United States Army.
• South Australia and Adelaide are founded.

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• The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated.
• The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World.
• Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.
• The Flushing Remonstrance articulates for the first time in North American history that freedom of religion is a fundamental right.
• Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which allows Portugal to export wines to England on favorable trade terms.
• War of 1812: The destruction of the schooner USS Carolina brings to an end Commodore Daniel Patterson's makeshift fleet, which fought a series of delaying actions that contributed to Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
• Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard HMS Beagle, during which he will begin to formulate his theory of evolution.
• The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing eight people.
• Ether anesthetic is used for childbirth for the first time by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.
• Having coined the phrase "manifest destiny" the previous July, journalist John L. O'Sullivan argued in his newspaper New York Morning News that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon Country.
• "Jana Gana Mana", the national anthem of India, is first sung in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

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