A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
• An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Yanjing, initiating the An Lushan Rebellion during the Tang dynasty of China.
• Hundred Years' War: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris.
• Vasco da Gama passes the Great Fish River at the southern tip of Africa, where Bartolomeu Dias had previously turned back to Portugal.
• English Interregnum: The Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• Convention Parliament: The Declaration of Right is embodied in the Bill of Rights.
• Seven Years' War: After a four-month siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kołobrzeg.
• American Revolution: Boston Tea Party: Members of the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians dump hundreds of crates of tea into Boston harbor as a protest against the Tea Act.

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• Constantine VIII becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire, 63 years after being crowned co-emperor.
• Sicilian Chancellor Stephen du Perche moves the royal court to Messina to prevent a rebellion.
• Mongol forces under Hulagu enter and dismantle the Nizari Ismaili (Assassin) stronghold at Alamut Castle (in present-day Iran) as part of their offensive on Islamic southwest Asia.
• Stephen III of Moldavia defeats Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, with the latter being injured thrice, at the Battle of Baia.
• Castle Cornet in Guernsey, the last stronghold which had supported the King in the Third English Civil War, surrenders.
• American Revolutionary War: British and French fleets clash in the Battle of St. Lucia.
• The United States Bill of Rights becomes law when ratified by the Virginia General Assembly.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Nashville begins at Nashville, Tennessee, and ends the following day with the destruction of the Confederate Army of Tennessee as a fighting force by the Union Army of the Cumberland.
• The short-lived Republic of Ezo is proclaimed in the Ezo area of Japan. It is the first attempt to establish a democracy in Japan.
• Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull is killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation, leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre.

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• St. Lucia's flood: The Zuiderzee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses, killing over 50,000 people.
• Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen of Scots at the age of one week on the death of her father, James V of Scotland.
• The Theresian Military Academy is founded in Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
• Founding Father Alexander Hamilton marries Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton at the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York.
• The Montgolfier brothers first test fly an unmanned hot air balloon in France; it floats nearly 2.5 km (1.6 mi).
• The French invasion of Russia comes to an end as the remnants of the Grande Armée are expelled from Russia.
• War of 1812: The Royal Navy seizes control of Lake Borgne, Louisiana.
• Alabama becomes the 22nd U.S. state.

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• Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit.
• The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
• Sir Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians, a date now considered the founding of the National Guard of the United States.
• Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand.
• English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire.
• Dartmouth College is founded by the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, with a royal charter from King George III, on land donated by Royal governor John Wentworth.
• American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union Major General Ambrose Burnside.
• A Fenian bomb explodes in Clerkenwell, London, killing 12 people and injuring 50.
• Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: The city of Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese. This is followed by the Nanking Massacre, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.

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• Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh.
• Maria of Enghien sells the lordship of Argos and Nauplia to the Republic of Venice.
• Pennsylvania becomes the 2nd state to ratify the US Constitution.
• American Civil War: USS Cairo sinks on the Yazoo River.
• Oaks explosion: The worst mining disaster in England kills 361 miners and rescuers.
• Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman.
• Guglielmo Marconi receives the first transatlantic radio signal (the letter "S" [***] in Morse Code), at Signal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland.
• Yuan Shikai declares the establishment of the Empire of China and proclaims himself Emperor.
• Lebensborn Project, a Nazi reproduction program, is founded by Heinrich Himmler.
• Second Sino-Japanese War: USS Panay incident: Japanese aircraft bomb and sink U.S. gunboat USS Panay on the Yangtze river in China.
• HMS Duchess sinks after a collision with HMS Barham off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.
• Winter War: The Battle of Tolvajärvi, also known as the first major Finnish victory in the Winter War, begins.

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• Emperor Xian of Han is forced to abdicate the throne by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, ending the Han dynasty.
• Julian enters Constantinople as sole Roman Emperor.
• Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas is assassinated by his wife Theophano and her lover, the later Emperor John I Tzimiskes.
• Michael V, adoptive son of Empress Zoë of Byzantium, is proclaimed emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Battle of Orewin Bridge: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales, is killed at Cilmeri, near Builth Wells, in mid-Wales.
• A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (Commemorated annually by the Fête de l'Escalade.)
• The Root and Branch petition, signed by 15,000 Londoners calling for the abolition of the episcopacy, is presented to the Long Parliament.
• Glorious Revolution: James II of England, while trying to flee to France, throws the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames.
• French Revolution: King Louis XVI of France is put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
• The U.S. Senate creates a select committee on finance and a uniform national currency, predecessor of the United States Senate Committee on Finance.
• Indiana becomes the 19th U.S. state.
• Paraguayan War: Brazilian troops defeat Paraguayan at the Battle of Avay.
• Second Boer War: In the Battle of Magersfontein the Boers commanded by general Piet Cronjé inflict a defeat on the forces of the British Empire commanded by Lord Methuen trying to relieve the Siege of Kimberley.

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• The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle.
• The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.
• Martin Luther burns his copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate.
• Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.
• Defeat at the Battle of Dungeness causes the Commonwealth of England to reform its navy.
• The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter.
• Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
• The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
• Mississippi becomes the 20th U.S. state.
• Forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực, an anti-colonial guerrilla leader in southern Vietnam, sink the French lorcha L'Esperance.
• American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's Union Army troops reach the outer Confederate defenses of Savannah, Georgia.
• Russo-Turkish War: The Russian Army captures Plevna after a 5-month siege. The garrison of 25,000 surviving Turks surrenders. The Russian victory is decisive for the outcome of the war and the Liberation of Bulgaria.

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• Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital.
• The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.
• Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence.
• Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio following the Siege of Béxar.
• The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal.
• The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces.
• American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress.
• In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African American governor of a U.S. state following the impeachment of Henry C. Warmoth.
• In France, a law separating church and state is passed.

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• Du Fu returns to Chang'an as a member of Emperor Xuanzong's court, after having escaped the city during the An Lushan Rebellion.
• Louis the Stammerer (son of Charles the Bald) is crowned king of the West Frankish Kingdom at Compiègne.
• The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the Lithuanian Civil War.
• A woman (either Margaret Hughes or Anne Marshall) appears on an English public stage for the first time, in the role of Desdemona in a production of Shakespeare's play Othello.
• In his Apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogmatic definition of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived free of Original Sin.
• Pope Pius IX promulgates the encyclical Quanta cura and its appendix, the Syllabus of Errors, outlining the authority of the Catholic Church and condemning various liberal ideas.
• King Gustaf V of Sweden accedes to the Swedish throne.

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• The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London, England.
• First concert of the New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill.
• Comparative fuel trials begin between warships HMS Spiteful and HMS Peterel: Spiteful was the first warship powered solely by fuel oil, and the trials led to the obsolescence of coal in ships of the Royal Navy.

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