A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and beheaded.
• Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople unifying the two branches of the House of Theodosius.
• Conradin is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily.
• Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
• Pope Innocent IX is elected.
• Russian homage to the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa.
• English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.
• Second Northern War: Naval forces of the Dutch Republic defeat the Swedes in the Battle of the Sound.
• Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.
• Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague.
• Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who sighted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.
• Eighteen countries meet in Geneva and agree to form the International Red Cross.

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• Maxentius is proclaimed Roman emperor.
• Constantine I defeats Maxentius, becoming the sole Roman emperor in the West.
• Beijing is officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty when the Forbidden City is completed.
• Christian I is crowned king of Denmark.
• Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba on his first voyage to the New World, surmising that it is Japan.
• Second Ottoman-Mamluk War: Mamluks fail to stop the Ottoman advance towards Egypt at the Battle of Yaunis Khan.
• Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Pacific Ocean.
• Abyssinian-Adal war: The Adal Sultanate seizes southern Ethiopia.

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• Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
• Æthelstan, the first king of all England, dies and is succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.
• French troops lay siege to Pavia.
• Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.
• Second Battle of Newbury in the English Civil War.
• Philadelphia is founded in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
• King George III expands on his Proclamation of Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies in his speech from the throne at the opening of Parliament.
• The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.
• The French Army enters Berlin, following the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt.
• United States annexes the former Spanish colony of West Florida.
• Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs issues the Extermination Order, which orders all Mormons to leave the state or be killed.

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• The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
• The Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 formally begins with the proclamation of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor.
• Tvrtko I is crowned the first king of Bosnia.
• Charles V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
• Imjin War: Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin routs the Japanese Navy of 300 ships with only 13 ships at the Battle of Myeongnyang.
• The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Covenanter Scotland and King Charles.
• American Revolution: The First Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia.
• War of 1812: A combined force of British regulars, Canadian militia and Mohawks defeat the United States Army in the Battle of the Chateauguay.
• The Erie Canal opens, allowing direct passage from the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
• The Royal Charter Storm kills at least eight hundred people in the British Isles.

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• Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire.
• Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
• Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights reconquer Lisbon.
• Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.
• Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II.
• War of 1812: The American frigate, USS United States, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate HMS Macedonian.
• Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.
• The Battle of Balaclava takes place during the Crimean War. It is soon memorialized in verse as The Charge of the Light Brigade.
• The Toronto Stock Exchange is created.
• The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.
• The Xinhai Revolution spreads to Guangzhou, where the Qing general Feng-shan is assassinated by the Chinese Assassination Corps.

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• In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
• Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
• The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War.
• John White, the governor of the second Roanoke Colony, returns to England after an unsuccessful search for the "lost" colonists.
• The second Spanish armada sets sail to strike against England, but is smashed by storms off Cape Finisterre forcing a retreat to port.
• Felim O'Neill of Kinard, the leader of the Irish Rebellion, issues his Proclamation of Dungannon, justifying the uprising and declaring continued loyalty to King Charles I of England.
• The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
• Poland is completely consumed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
• Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Maloyaroslavets takes place near Moscow.
• William Lassell discovers the moons Umbriel and Ariel orbiting Uranus.
• Sheffield F.C., the world's oldest association football club still in operation, is founded in England.
• The first transcontinental telegraph line across the United States is completed.
• An estimated 17 to 22 Chinese immigrants are lynched in Los Angeles, California.
• Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration, effectively starting the federation process in Australia.

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• Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of six.
• Spanish Reconquista: At the Battle of Sagrajas, the Almoravids defeats the Castilians, but are unable to take advantage of their victory.
• The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the Danish Civil War.
• The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.
• Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster attempt to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, so as to force concessions.
• The Battle of Edgehill is the first major battle of the English Civil War.
• The First Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain convenes.
• General Claude François de Malet begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon, claiming that the Emperor died in the Russian campaign.
• The first National Women's Rights Convention begins in Worcester, Massachusetts.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Westport is the last significant engagement west of the Mississippi River.

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• The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
• Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto).
• The male line of the Portuguese House of Burgundy becomes extinct with the death of King Fernando, leaving only his daughter Beatrice. Rival claimants begin a period of civil war and disorder.
• The Ming dynasty defeats the Dutch East India Company.
• The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War.
• The War of Jenkins' Ear begins with the first attack on La Guaira.
• The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) receives its charter
• American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank.
• Russia founds a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska.
• André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above Paris.

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• A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
• First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of Antioch.
• Japanese Emperor Go-Kameyama abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu.
• Ferdinand Magellan discovers a strait now known as the Strait of Magellan.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara and becomes shōgun of Japan.
• In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
• Napoleonic Wars: A British fleet led by Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve in the Battle of Trafalgar.
• Portland cement is patented.
• Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses are sent to the Crimean War.

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• The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent.
• Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the relief of Goes.
• France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction, and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
• American Revolution: The Continental Association, a nonconsumption and nonimportation agreement against the British Isles and the British West Indies, is adopted by the First Continental Congress.
• The Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in Austria.
• The United States Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
• The Convention of 1818 is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the Canada-United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
• Greek War of Independence: In the Battle of Navarino, a combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet is defeated by British, French and Russian naval forces in the last significant battle fought with wooden sailing ships.
• Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
• Chile and Bolivia sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, delimiting the border between the two countries.
• The Long March, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party a year prior, ends.
• World War II: Thousands of civilians in German-occupied Serbia are murdered in the Kragujevac massacre.
• World War II: The Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav Partisans liberate Belgrade.

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