A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Venetian-Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
• The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Ottoman Navy suffers its first defeat.
• The charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay is issued.
• King George III issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing Indigenous lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.
• American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat the British in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights.
• American Revolutionary War: American militia defeat royalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina.
• French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent.
• The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.
• Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.
• Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.

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• Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters.
• Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period.
• Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America.
• Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River.
• French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace.
• A large fire destroys a third of all the buildings in the town of Raahe in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
• The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.
• The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island.

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• King Louis the Pious is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope.
• The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to depose patriarch Photios I.
• With the signing of the Treaty of Zamora, King Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognises Portugal as a Kingdom.
• Assassins attempt to kill Venetian statesman and scientist Paolo Sarpi.
• French Revolution: The Women's March on Versailles effectively terminates royal authority.
• War of 1812: The Army of the Northwest defeats a British and Native Canadian force threatening Detroit.
• The Saxby Gale devastates the Bay of Fundy region in Canada.

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• Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
• The Byzantine-Venetian War comes to an end.
• Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang's rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.
• Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.
• The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
• The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
• Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canço begins to suppress a native uprising against his rule in what is now the state of Georgia.
• Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War: A fleet of Spanish galleys are defeated by English and Dutch galleons in the English Channel.
• Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
• Nine Years' War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.

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• Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
• The Byzantine-Venetian War comes to an end.
• Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang's rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.
• Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.
• The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
• The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
• Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War: A fleet of Spanish galleys are defeated by English and Dutch galleons in the English Channel.
• Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
• Nine Years' War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
• American Revolutionary War: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under William Howe.
• Napoleon first rises to prominence by suppressing counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the National Convention.
• Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
• The Belgian Revolution takes legal form when the provisional government secedes from the Netherlands.

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• Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
• Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and other Frankish dukes.
• The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.
• The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces King Edward IV of England to flee to the Netherlands, restoring Henry VI to the throne.
• Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.
• American Revolutionary War: John André, a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.
• Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
• By plebiscite, the citizens of the Papal States accept annexation by the Kingdom of Italy.
• The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded.
• Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of Haitians living in the border region of the Dominican Republic.

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• Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
• Pope John XIII is consecrated.
• Coronation of Queen Mary I of England.
• Ahmed III is forced to abdicate as the Ottoman sultan.
• The city of Tampere, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.
• Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat the Turks at Kinburn.
• First session of the French Legislative Assembly.
• More than a year after the Battle of Sprimont, the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) are officially annexed by Revolutionary France.
• Via the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain cedes Louisiana to France, which would sell the land to the United States thirty months later.
• Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleon the previous spring.
• Russo-Persian War: The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination of Armenia.

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• Henry IV is proclaimed king of England.
• Suleiman the Magnificent is proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his forces enter Tula territory in present-day western Arkansas, encountering fierce resistance.
• France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly.
• Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation.
• Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.
• The Royal Galician Academy, the Galician language's biggest linguistic authority, starts working in La Coruña, Spain.

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• Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
• Investiture Controversy: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.
• The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.
• Spanish colonization of the Americas: Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
• An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.
• The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
• The 1st United States Congress adjourns.
• The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.
• The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces, and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.
• The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.
• The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.

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• Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.
• Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.
• Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.
• Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.
• William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.
• King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.
• King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.
• Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Frederick I of Austria in the Battle of Mühldorf.
• Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.
• Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.
• American Revolution: American forces backed by a French fleet begin the siege of Yorktown.
• The Congress of the Confederation votes to send the newly written United States Constitution to the state legislatures for approval.

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