Persians. Romans. Chinese. Guptas. Abbasids. Mongols. British.

The list of the world’s largest empires is a list of different peoples of Eurasia. With the sole exception of ancient Egypt, the Eurasian landmass has been the breeding ground for the largest empire of each moment in history.

Why has Eurasia been so prone to large empires? Similarly, why did so many technological breakthroughs — from writing to gunpowder — occur in Eurasia? And how did these broader patterns of Eurasian history enable the dark chapters of European colonialism?

These questions constitute some of the “broadest patterns of history”, to quote Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel. Indeed, these are not only the broad contours of the last few millennia: searching for answers, we need to dig deep into the origins of agriculture and beyond.

My guest today, ⁠Ideen Ali Riahi⁠, has been digging very deep indeed.

Building on Diamond’s original project, Riahi has traced the deepest roots behind Eurasia’s outsized power in human history. And if he is correct, these roots extend to periods way before the dawn of agriculture.

In this episode, we discuss topics such as:

The “Why Eurasia?” questions: What does it mean? What answers do we have? And is this a meaningful question to start with?

Environmental determinism vs environmental realism

Did the activities of our Ice Age ancestors prepare Eurasian lands for farms, cows, and cavalries?

Riahi’s case against genetic explanations of Eurasian dominance and Europe’s rise

As always, we finish with my guest’s reflections on humanity.

You can find links ⁠to academic articles discussed in this episode here.⁠

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Email: ⁠⁠makela dot ilari at outlook dot com⁠⁠⁠

MENTIONS

Scholars

Jared Diamond (author of Guns, Germs, and Steel)

Daron Acemoglu ( co-author of Why Nations Fail, guest in episode #26)

Alfred Crosby (author of Ecological Imperialism)

Vernon L Smith

Melinda Zeder & Bruce Smith

Richard Dawkins (author of Selfish Gene)

Oded Galor (author of Journey of Humanity, guest in episodes #12 and #13)

Technical terms

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) | Niche construction | herd management | commensal pathway | Modern evolutionary synthesis | extended evolutionary synthesis | niche construction

Keywords

History | social science | comparative economics | comparative history | imperialism | colonialism | technology | ancient civilisations | agricultural revolution | neolithic revolution | human migration | wealth of nations | global inequality | indigenous cultures | epidemics