First Choice Women's Resource v. Platkin | Case No. 24-781 | Oral Argument Date: 12/2/25 | Docket Link: Here

Question Presented: Whether federal courts can hear First Amendment challenges to state subpoenas immediately, or whether challengers must first litigate their constitutional claims in state court.

Overview

This episode examines First Choice Women's Resource Centers versus Platkin, a case that generated a stunning 42 amicus briefs and could fundamentally reshape federal court jurisdiction over state investigatory demands. The Supreme Court will determine whether organizations facing state subpoenas for donor information can immediately challenge those demands in federal court, or whether they must first exhaust state court proceedings - potentially losing their federal forum rights forever due to res judicata.

Roadmap

• Opening: A Federal Forum Fight

• Case generated 42 amicus briefs showing massive constitutional stakes

• Court granted United States' request to participate in oral arguments

• Core tension: Section 1983's guarantee of federal forums versus traditional subpoena enforcement requirements

Background: The Subpoena Standoff

• New Jersey Attorney General Matthew Platkin issues sweeping subpoena to faith-based pregnancy centers

• Demands names, phone numbers, and addresses of 5,000 donors

• First Choice refuses, citing nationwide pattern of violence against pregnancy centers

• Attorney General threatens contempt sanctions for noncompliance

Constitutional Framework: The Legal Clash

• First Amendment protections for speech and association, including donor privacy rights

• Section 1983's guarantee of federal forum for constitutional violations by state officials

• Article III standing and ripeness requirements for federal jurisdiction

Procedural Odyssey: The Court Journey

• December 2023: First Choice files federal lawsuit two days before subpoena deadline

• January 2024: District court dismisses as "unripe," requiring state court enforcement first

• State Attorney General files enforcement action in New Jersey Superior Court

• District court dismisses again, demanding actual contempt threat before federal review

• Third Circuit affirms in divided decision; Judge Bibas dissents

First Choice's Arguments (Federal Forum Rights):

• First Amendment Chill: Attorney General's subpoena creates immediate injury by objectively chilling donor support due to nationwide violence against pregnancy centers

• Section 1983 Federal Forum: Knick v. Township of Scott prohibits state-litigation requirements; federal forum guarantee "rings hollow" if challengers must litigate in hostile state courts first

• Credible Enforcement Threat: Explicit contempt warnings plus actual state court enforcement action satisfy Article III standing requirements under Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus

Attorney General Platkin's Arguments (State Court First):

• Contingent Future Harm: Non-self-executing subpoena creates only speculative injury dependent on future state court order requiring compliance

• No Objective Chill: Clarified scope seeks only donors from specific websites; no reasonable basis for ordinary donor to be deterred by narrow investigation

• Century of Precedent: Reisman v. Caplin line establishes recipients of non-self-executing subpoenas cannot bring pre-enforcement challenges; would flood federal courts with routine subpoena litigation

United States' Arguments (Supporting Petitioner):

• Established Article III Doctrine: Credible threat of government enforcement proceedings creates concrete injuries sufficient for federal jurisdiction under longstanding precedent

• Self-Executing Distinction Irrelevant: Whether subpoena is self-enforcing makes no difference to Article III analysis; Section 1983 creates cause of action that distinguishes this from federal agency contexts

• Federal Court Obligation: Ripeness concerns timing, not forum adequacy; federal courts have "virtually unflagging obligation" to exercise jurisdiction regardless of parallel state proceedings

Constitutional Stakes and Broader Implications

If First Choice Wins:

• Organizations facing hostile state investigations gain clearer path to immediate federal relief

• Strengthens Section 1983's federal forum guarantee against state litigation requirements

• Could encourage more aggressive challenges to state investigatory subpoenas across ideological spectrum

If Attorney General Wins:

• State officials gain stronger position to conduct investigations without immediate federal court interference

• Targets of state subpoenas must exhaust state remedies first, potentially losing federal forum rights through res judicata

• Could encourage more aggressive state investigations since federal relief becomes harder to obtain

Looking Ahead to Oral Arguments

• How justices handle res judicata "trap" that First Choice describes

• Questions about workability and potential litigation floods

• Historical analysis of Section 1983's purpose versus traditional subpoena enforcement

• Court's approach to balancing federal forum rights against state sovereignty

• Impact on broader landscape of state investigations targeting ideologically diverse organizations

Key Legal Concepts Explained

• Article III standing and ripeness requirements

• Section 1983 federal civil rights actions

• Non-self-executing versus self-executing subpoenas

• Res judicata and claim preclusion

• First Amendment associational rights and donor disclosure chilling effects

• Federal forum exhaustion requirements

• State investigatory authority and consumer protection powers