One of the most abused and misused clauses of the Constitution – and also one of the most ambiguous, even at the time of the founding – the so-called “sweeping clause.”

Path to Liberty: March 20, 2024

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Text of the Clause

Necessary and Proper Overview

Rob Natelson – The Agency Law Origins of the Necessary and Proper Clause (2004)

James Wilson – Pennsylvania Ratifying Convention (1 Dec 1787)

James Wilson – Pennsylvania Ratifying Convention (4 Dec 1787)

Oliver Ellsworth – A Landholder V (3 Dec 1787)

Alexander Hamilton – Federalist 33 (3 Jan 1788)

James Madison – Federalist 44 (25 Jan 1788)

George Nicholas – Virginia Ratifying Convention (10 June 1788)

James Madison – Virginia Ratifying Convention (16 June 1788)

Archibald Maclaine – North Carolina Ratifying Convention (28 June 1788)

John Williams – New York Ratifying Convention (26 June 1788)

John Williams – New York Ratifying Convention (27 June 1788)

3 views of Necessary and Proper

1. Necessary means indispensable

Thomas Jefferson – Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank (15 Feb 1791)

2. Necessary means convenient

3. Somewhere in the middle

Edmund Randolph – Virginia Ratifying Convention (17 June 1788)

Randy Barnett – The Original Meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause

Patrick Henry – Virginia Ratifying Convention (7 June 1788)

Episode – Undefined Power: Antifederalist Federal Farmer No. 4-5

Patrick Henry – Virginia Ratifying Convention (16 June 1788)

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