Chapter 13: Modern Constitutional Issues - Summary.

Chapter 13 explores key modern constitutional issues, focusing on the legal challenges and evolving interpretations of several major areas: gun control and the Second Amendment, healthcare and the Affordable Care Act (ACA), immigration and national security, and technology and digital privacy. Each section provides an in-depth analysis of significant Supreme Court cases, legislative developments, and ongoing debates surrounding these pressing topics.

1. Gun Control and the Second Amendment.

The chapter begins with a discussion on the historical context of the Second Amendment, which was originally framed to support the formation of militias. Over time, the interpretation shifted toward individual rights. Landmark cases like District of Columbia v Heller (2008) and McDonald v City of Chicago (2010) affirmed the individual’s right to bear arms but also recognized that this right is not unlimited. Current debates focus on balancing public safety and individual rights, with issues such as background checks, red flag laws, assault weapons bans, and concealed carry laws at the forefront of the legal landscape.

2. Healthcare and the Affordable Care Act (ACA)

The ACA represents a significant battleground in modern constitutional law. Key Supreme Court cases like National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius (2012) upheld most provisions of the ACA, including the individual mandate under Congress’s taxing power, while King v Burwell (2015) preserved federal subsidies for healthcare. Ongoing challenges include debates over Medicaid expansion, the removal of the individual mandate penalty, and attempts to introduce Medicaid work requirements.

3. Immigration and National Security.

This section delves into the complex constitutional issues surrounding immigration enforcement and national security. The President’s broad executive authority over immigration has led to significant constitutional questions, including the creation of programs like Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and executive orders, such as the travel ban in Trump v Hawaii (2018). The chapter also addresses the due process rights of non-citizens, immigration detention practices, and legal conflicts between federal immigration enforcement and local sanctuary cities.

4. Technology and Digital Privacy.

The chapter concludes with a focus on how advancements in technology have raised new constitutional challenges, particularly under the Fourth Amendment. Cases such as Riley v California (2014) and Carpenter v United States (2018) extended privacy protections to digital data, emphasizing that government searches of cell phones and location data require warrants. Additionally, the collection of personal data by private companies, surveillance programs, and emerging concepts like the right to be forgotten highlight ongoing concerns about digital privacy in the age of big data and social media.

Conclusion.

The intersection of technology and digital privacy has created new constitutional and legal challenges. As courts grapple with applying the Fourth Amendment to digital searches, data collection, and government surveillance, the boundaries of personal privacy continue to evolve. Landmark cases like Riley v California and Carpenter v United States have extended privacy protections to digital data, reflecting the growing role that technology plays in our daily lives.