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EPISODE SUMMARY
Constitutional law begins with government power and constitutional limits. The Constitution creates a federal government of limited powers, divides authority among three branches, preserves a role for state governments, and protects individual rights against government action.Judicial review allows courts to decide whether government action violates the Constitution, but courts exercise that power only in proper cases. Justiciability doctrines ensure that federal courts resolve concrete disputes rather than abstract political or legal disagreements. Standing requires injury in fact, causation, and redressability. Ripeness prevents premature review. Mootness prevents courts from deciding disputes that are no longer live. The ban on advisory opinions keeps courts from issuing abstract legal advice. The political question doctrine reserves certain issues for the political branches when constitutional commitment or lack of judicial standards makes judicial review inappropriate.Separation of powers prevents one branch from exercising or controlling the core functions of another. Federalism divides authority between the federal government and the states. Congress must act pursuant to enumerated powers, while states possess general police powers subject to constitutional limits. Valid federal law is supreme over conflicting state law, but federal law must itself be constitutional.A strong constitutional law answer identifies the actor, the source of power, the constitutional limit, the justiciability posture, the applicable test, and the likely result. The central skill is not memorizing isolated rules, but organizing constitutional problems so that each issue is analyzed in the correct doctrinal category.