Welcome to the series on COVID-19. Pandemics have shaped our world more than we realize. Long before 2020, waves of disease had already changed the course of history, toppling empires, fueling superstition, and forcing societies to reinvent themselves. In this episode, we trace that story—from the dusty streets of ancient Athens to the silent cities of lockdown in our own century.

We start in 430 B.C., where the Plague of Athens raged during the Peloponnesian War, bringing chaos to one of the world’s great city-states. We move forward to the Roman Empire, where the Antonine Plague killed emperors and soldiers alike, weakening the empire’s hold on the known world. And then we come to the most infamous of all—the Black Death. In the mid-14th century, a microscopic invader erased nearly half of Europe’s population. People watched their neighbors die in days, families abandoned their own kin, and eerie figures in long leather coats and beaked masks stalked the streets, hoping the herbs stuffed into those grotesque “noses” would ward off the poisoned air. The image of the plague doctor became one of the most haunting symbols in history.

But pandemics didn’t just strike Europe. When Columbus crossed the Atlantic, he carried something deadlier than steel—smallpox and measles. Within a century, these Old World diseases wiped out up to 90% of Indigenous populations in the Americas. Entire civilizations, like the Aztecs and the Inca, fell as much to pathogens as to conquest. And in 1918, influenza killed tens of millions around the globe—claiming more lives than World War I itself—while cities struggled to dig enough graves for the dead.

All of these echoes lead us to the modern era. In late 2019, mysterious pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, turned out to be the start of the biggest global event in living memory. Within weeks, COVID-19 swept the globe. Borders closed, cities locked down, hospitals overflowed. Entire nations were asked to stay inside while streets fell eerily silent. Conspiracy theories swirled—from whispers of a lab leak to wild claims about 5G towers and microchipped vaccines—while scientists worked around the clock to create vaccines at record speed. For the first time in history, billions of people were vaccinated within a year, an achievement as remarkable as it was divisive.

In this episode, we tell the story of pandemics past and present: the Black Death, the devastation of the Americas, the Spanish Flu, Bird Flu scares, and finally, the full arc of COVID-19—from its mysterious origins to its conspiracies, tragedies, and the ways it reshaped how we live. It’s a story of fear and resilience, ignorance and discovery, and ultimately, a reminder that pandemics are as much about people and power as they are about microbes.

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