CrashCourse

Welcome to the first episode of Crash Course Astronomy. Your host for this intergalactic adventure is the Bad Astronomer himself, Phil Plait. We begin with answering a question: "What is astronomy?"

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
What is Astronomy? 3:00
Who Studies Astronomy? 3:50
Origins of Astronomy 5:27
Astrology vs Astronomy 6:19
Geocentrism 7:51
Revolutions in Astronomy 8:58
Astronomy Today 10:26
Review 11:29

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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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Photos:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_cutaway.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field#mediaviewer/File:Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm#mediaviewer/File:Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn#mediaviewer/File:Saturn_PIA06077.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243_Ida#mediaviewer/File:243_Ida_large.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comet_Hale_Bopp_NASA.jpg
http://solarviews.com/raw/comet/kuiper3.jpg
http://solarviews.com/cap/comet/kuiper3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars#mediaviewer/File:3_Solar_Interstellar_Neighborhood_(ELitU).png
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/28/planetary_nebula_sh2_68_the_flaming_skull_nebula.html
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/06/milky_way_galaxy_two_new_discoveries_about_its_spiral_arms.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole#mediaviewer/File:PIA16695-BlackHole-Corona-20130227.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messier_69_HST.jpg
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/25/nearby_galaxies_swift_uv_pictures_of_two_galactic_neighbors.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Earth%27s_Location_in_the_Universe_SMALLER_%28JPEG%29.jpg
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy#mediaviewer/File:WISE-_Andromeda.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy#mediaviewer/File:VST_snaps_a_very_detailed_view_of_the_Triangulum_Galaxy.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope#mediaviewer/File:HST-SM4.jpeg
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/12/21/winter_solstice_2013_the_shortest_day_of_the_year.html
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2012/12/28/full_moon_today_is_the_13th_full_moon_of_2012.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#mediaviewer/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe#mediaviewer/File:Tycho_Brahe.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler#mediaviewer/File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#mediaviewer/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#mediaviewer/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2012/09/25/revealing_the_universe_the_hubble_extreme_deep_field.html

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Interactions between species are what define ecological communities, and community ecology studies these interactions anywhere they take place. Although interspecies interactions are mostly competitive, competition is pretty dangerous, so a lot of interactions are actually about side-stepping direct competition and instead finding ways to divvy up resources to let species get along. Feel the love?

Table of Contents
1) Competitive Exclusion Principle 2:02
2) Fundamental vs. Realized Niche 3:48
3) Eco-lography / Resource Partitioning 5:25
4) Character Displacement 7:29
5) Mutualism 9:15
6) Commensalism 9:55

References
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/competitive_exclusion_principle.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbRPDGikcnc
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/animations/gause.swf
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/e/ecological_niche.htm
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/MacArthur.html
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1383283?uid=3739960&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101174112437
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent591k/symbiosis.html
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Community_ecology
http://livingseas.org/2011/01/22/killer-whales-stalk-greys/
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/beaches/pool.html
http://www.visitolympicpeninsula.org/tidepools.html
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.mi.04.100150.000413?journalCode=micro
http://eol.org/pages/484359/overview
http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/IntroductiontoSeaAnemones.html
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/symbiosis.html
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2012/03/13/hermit-crab-moves-inside-a-living-sea-anemone-using-it-like-a-shell/
http://sites.sinauer.com/ecology2e/webext11.1.html
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.es.06.110175.000245

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Is recognition really enough? In our final episode of Crash Course Political Theory, we’ll explore this concept, from its 19th-century philosophical origins to modern-day Native land acknowledgements.

Crash Course Political Theory #13

Introduction: Recognizing Palestine 00:00
Hegel & Recognition 1:55
Fanon & Decolonial Theory 4:54
Axel Honneth & Charles Taylor 6:10
Redistribution & Reparations 10:01
Review & Credits 12:58

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u5zJCbVA0xCurLbQwWzcxXEdlqXAPpAyYVS1quwKIis/edit?usp=sharing
***
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In which hilarity ensues on the set of Crash Course World History.

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It’s the end of the world as we know it. Or is it? In this episode of Crash Course Religions, we explore end-of-the-world predictions across time and faith traditions. It turns out that, more often than not, those predictions have been more about a group’s present problems than any future calamity.

Introduction: Fire and Ice 00:00
Apocalypticism 1:14
Revelation & Nero 3:53
Ragnarök 6:30
The Kali Yuga & the Mahdi 7:33
Unfulfilled Prophecies 9:12
Review & Credits 11:23

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing
***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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If being alive on Earth were a contest, humans would win it hands down. We're like the Michael Phelps of being alive but with 250,000 times more gold medals. Today, Hank is here to tell us the specifics of why and how human population growth has happened over the past hundred and fifty years or so, and how those specifics relate to ecology.

Table of Contents
1) R vs. K Selection Theory 01:41
2) Causes of Exponential Human Growth 03:24
3) Human Carrying Capacity 03:30
4) Ecological Footprints 06:40
5) Causes for Decline in Human Growth Rate 08:10

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Today we’re going to discuss what it means for a place to be “developed”. Development is often associated with economic success — that is countries with higher standards of living and material wealth like those found in Europe and North America. But as we’ll see, this perspective is only one way to compare countries on the global stage, has strong ties to colonialist histories, and doesn’t necessarily capture a place’s environmental and socioeconomic sustainability or even the population’s general happiness. We’ll focus on the region in the Middle East and North Africa, called MENA, and examine how the histories of the United Arab Emirates and Lebanon have resulted in drastically different development scores.

[Sources]
General
Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Human development Indices
https://worldhappiness.report/faq/
https://www.academia.edu/33199038/The_History_of_Gross_National_Happiness
http://www.gnh.institute/gross-national-happiness-research-library/history-of-happiness-science-who-is-who-happiness-leaders-pioneers.htm
http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2020_overview_english.pdf

UAE Sources
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/#economy (lists 30% of economy as oil and gas)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates

Lebanon Sources
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#economy
https://theconversation.com/lebanon-one-year-after-beirut-explosion-failing-state-struggles-amid-poverty-and-sectarianism-165543 “actually existing neoliberalism”
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lebanon/publication/lebanon-reform-recovery-reconstruction-framework-3rf

World Bank, IMF, and GDP Charts
https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
https://thearabweekly.com/six-decades-after-independence-middle-east-

still-looking-growth-model
https://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/shifting-development-paradigm-

middle-east-and-north-africa
https://www.salon.com/2016/05/31/wrong_all_along_neoliberal_imf_admits_neoliberalism_fuels_inequality_and_hurts_growth/

China, Belt and Road
https://theconversation.com/is-the-resource-curse-hard-baked-into-african-economies-chinas-approach-hints-that-it-may-not-be-167397 el)

First/Third World
https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/first_world.htm
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-first-second-and-third-world-countries-origin-of-concept-and-present-beliefs.html

#CrashCourse #Geography #Development

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You may not realize it, but your body is like a fortress, designed to defend you from tiny foreign invaders known as pathogens. This seemingly small world is actually super diverse, and sometimes super dangerous too. That’s why in this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we’re going to get familiar with all different types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and more!

This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209710/#:~:text=Microorganisms%20capable%20of%20causing%20disease,be%20transmitted%E2%80%94by%20several%20routes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4788752/#:~:text=Viruses%20initially%20stick%20to%20cell,the%20cell%20membrane%20(4).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3330701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292075/#:~:text=To%20infect%20the%20host%20and,endothelial%20cells%20and%20epithelial%20cells.&text=There%20are%20two%20general%20mechanisms,induced%20endocytosis%20and%20active%20penetration.
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immune-system-disorders
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4290017/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960580/


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We might agree religious freedom is a good thing—but can we agree on what it really means? This episode of Crash Course Religions explores ongoing debates over where the limits of religious freedom lie. We’ll discover why this ideal enshrined as a constitutional right proves so tricky to apply in the real world.

Introduction: The Limits of Religious Freedom 00:00
History of Religious Freedom 1:34
Belief-Action Dichotomy 5:57
Compelling Interest 7:20
Religious Freedom Restoration Act 8:23
When Freedoms Clash 9:36
Review And Credits 11:33

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing

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Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini-series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.

Crash Course Literature 100 Reading List:
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Catcher in the Rye
Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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