CrashCourse

Is Star Wars a religion? What about belief in UFOs or QAnon? In our final episode of Crash Course Religions, we’ll explore how religion shapes pop culture, and pop culture shapes religion right back.

Introduction: Star Wars as Religion 00:00
Religion & Pop Culture 2:02
Representation 3:19
The Rapture 4:27
UFO Religions 5:15
Jediism 6:19
Hyperreal Religions 8:25
Review & Credits 10:03


https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IRPhziWfx72dIlGC1xIuEPWqb_uwnumdtYnmmsR4jto/edit?usp=sharing


***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
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Population ecology is the study of groups within a species that interact mostly with each other, and it examines how they live together in one geographic area to understand why these populations are different in one time and place than they are in another. How is that in any way useful to anyone ever? Hank uses the example of the West Nile virus outbreak in Texas to show you in this episode of Crash Course: Ecology.

Table of Contents
1) Density & Dispersion 02:03
2) Population Growth 03:07
3) Limiting Factors 03:45
a) Density Dependent 06:16
b) Density Independent 07:11
4) Exponential & Logistical Growth 08:04
5) How to Calculate Growth Rate 09:33

References:
http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-west-nile-virus-20120817,0,2506584.story
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/arboviral/westnile/information/general/myths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/population-limiting-factors-17059572
Campbell Biology 9th ed.

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Welcome to Crash Course Sex Ed! Over the course of 15 episodes, sexologist Shan Boodram will introduce you to the surprising, fascinating, wildly diverse, utterly normal realm of human sexuality. This series will explore the many dimensions of sex—from your body, to your personal identity, to the society around you—so you have the facts you need to make the right choices for you.

Course Description
In 15 episodes, sexologist Shan Boodram will teach you the ins and outs of sexual health. This series will explore sexual anatomy; identity and attraction; how society shapes our understanding of sexuality; and how to have safer sex.

By the end of this course, you will be able to:
- Reflect on the ways society shapes our understanding of sex, sexuality, and bodily autonomy
- Explain the functions of anatomy in terms of both reproduction and sexual response
- Describe the differences between sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression, and how our understanding of these aspects of identity continues to evolve
- Think critically about how sexual consent is communicated
- Describe how unintended pregnancy and STIs can be prevented
- Explore how we identify ourselves and others as sexual beings

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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What even is sex? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll discover that variation is the name of the game when it comes to sexuality. People differ in how they have sex, why they have sex, and how they define what sex means.

Introduction: What Counts as "Doing It"? 00:00
Alfred Kinsey 0:57
The Three-Layer Cake 2:34
The Role of Culture 3:54
Reasons for "Doing It" 5:48
Why Does This Matter? 7:14
Review & Credits 8:51

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org ): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. It has no atmosphere and is, as such, covered in craters. It's also incredibly hot but, surprisingly, has water ice hiding beneath its surface.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: Mercury 00:00
Mercury's Orbit 1:21
Mercury's Rotation - 2:3 Orbit Ratio 2:45
A Weird Day on Mercury 4:34
Mercury's Craters 5:42
Mercury's Internal Structure 7:00
Deep Crater Water Ice on Mercury 8:39
Review 9:33
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Mercury relief in Olomouc: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_relief_in_Olomouc.jpg [credit: Michal Maňas]
Mercury: Phil Plait
Mercury in color: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_in_color_c1000_700_430.png [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington]
Earth Based View of Mercury: http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=3726 [credit: Catalina Observatory]
Caloris Basin: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1503/PIA19216MessengerCaloris.jpg [credit: NASA, Johns Hopkins Univ. APL, Arizona State U., CIW]
MESSENGER photos:
http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EW1010234404_500_web.jpg
http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EN0108830230M.jpg
http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EW0224377798G.nomap.png
[credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington]
Mercury’s core: http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/~jlm/out/Mercury/mercury_NSF_printsize.jpg [credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation]
Mercury’s Ice Lockers: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11184 [credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington]
Mercury’s Tail: http://geeked.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Mercury_exosphere_600-full.jpg [credit: NASA]

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In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank gives you a brief history of histology and introduces you to the different types and functions of your body's tissues.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial & Connective Tissues 1:23
History of Histology 2:07
Nervous Tissue Forms the Nervous System 5:17
Muscle Tissue Facilitates All Your Movements 7:00
Identifying Samples 9:03
Review 9:48
Credits 10:22

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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With a solid understanding of biology on the small scale under our belts, it's time for the long view - for the next twelve weeks, we'll be learning how the living things that we've studied interact with and influence each other and their environments. Life is powerful, and in order to understand how living systems work, you first have to understand how they originated, developed, and diversified over the past 4.5 billion years of Earth's history. Hang on to your hats as Hank tells us the epic drama that is the history of life on Earth.

Table of Contents
1) Archaean & Proterozoic Eons 01:53
a) Protobionts 03:54
b) Prokaryotes 04:18
c) Eukaryotes 06:06

2) Phanerozoic Eon 06:42
a) Cambrian Explosion 06:49
b) Ordovician Period 07:36
c) Devonian Period 07:48
d) Carboniferous Period 08:13
e) Permian Period 09:10

References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823113436.htm
http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_06.html

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Do you know the difference between the vulva and vagina? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we shine a spotlight on the Vagina and Co., dispelling a long history of shame and mystery to actually understand our bodies.

Introduction: Vulvas & Vaginas 00:00
Shame & Stigma 0:30
The Anatomy of the Vulva & Vagina 1:44
What's Normal? 3:41
The Vaginal Microbiome 6:23
Review & Credits 8:39

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/sexual-and-reproductive-anatomy/what-are-parts-female-sexual-anatomy

Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22469-vagina

Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/sexual-health-and-wellness/periods-and-vaginal-health

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

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In which John Green teaches you about globalization, a subject so epic, so, um, global, it requires two videos. In this video, John follows the surprisingly complex path of a t-shirt as it crisscrosses the world before coming to rest on your doorstep, and eventually in your dresser. The story of the t-shirt and its manufacture in far-flung places like China, Guatemala, and India is a microcosm of what's going on in the global economy. Globalization is a bit of a mixed bag, and there have definitely been winners and losers along the way. In this episode, John will talk about some of the benefits that have come along with it. Next week, he'll get into some of the less-positive side effects of globalization.

Chapters:
Introduction: Globalization 00:00
Globalized Trade 0:55
The Journey of a T-Shirt 1:51
Government Regulation of Free Trade 3:11
International vs Domestic Manufacturing and Consumption 4:00
An Open Letter to Cookie Monster 5:06
The Effects of Global Capitalism 5:50
Migration & Globalized Culture 7:04
Why We Study History 9:08
Credits 11:18

Thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for the cotton footage! http://www.youtube.com/destinws2

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Are penises as big of a deal as we think they are? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we break down the history, myths, and assumptions we’ve made about penises, from the “right” size to circumcision, and from erections to blue balls.

Introduction: Penises as Symbols 00:00
The Cultural History of Penises 0:34
The Anatomy of the Penis 2:41
Erections, Fractures, & Blue Balls 3:47
What's Normal? 6:03
Circumcision 7:59
Review & Credits 9:21

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/sexual-and-reproductive-anatomy/what-are-parts-male-sexual-anatomy

Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/9117-male-reproductive-system

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Or support us directly: https://complexly.com/support
Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Spilmann Reed, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Jack Hart, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Krystle Young, Scott Harrison, Toni Miles, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Bernardo Garza, Pietro Gagliardi, Eric Koslow, Jason Rostoker, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, Rizwan Kassim, ClareG, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, kelsey warren, Katie Dean, Emily T, Jason Buster, Joseph Ruf, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks
__

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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