CrashCourse

Finally, after what seems like eons and eons, the end is nigh. We're talking not only about the end of Crash Course Big History but also the end of everything. The end of humanity and the end of the universe. John and Hank Green will teach you about what the future holds for humanity and the universe. Spoiler alert: in the long, long, long, long, long, long term, it doesn't look good. In the short term though, it's not too bad. But don't lose hope, there is an upside. You'll have to watch the video to find out.

Learn more about Big History here: http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Where there’s sex, there’s the possibility for STIs. In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we unpack the most common sexually transmitted infections and how to prevent and treat them. Turns out, sexual responsibility is a lot easier than you think.

Introduction: Not the End of the World 00:00
What's an STI? 0:27
Bacterial STIs & Barrier Methods 1:14
Viral STIs 4:02
HIV 6:04
Review & Credits 8:52

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-southern-new-england/patient-resources/our-services/doxypep
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/can-i-get-an-std-from-kissing
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/std-testing
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/1097-let-s-talk-about-safer-sex

***
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Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot different compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) do it.

Table of Contents
1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:55
2) Ferns 02:14
3) Gymnosperms 03:35
4) Angiosperms 05:33
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28

References:
http://www.home.aone.net.au/~byzantium/ferns/about.html
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/gymno.htm
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/plants/5/lcp5_5a.html
http://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/gymnosperms.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AykzPemLs7Q&feature=relmfu
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/flower2.html

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Welcome to Crash Course Native American History! Over the next 24 episodes, Che Jim will introduce you to the deep, ongoing history of the Indigenous peoples who’ve called these lands home from time immemorial to today.

Course Description:
Over the course of 24 episodes, we’re going to learn about Native American history. Host Che Jim will teach you about the deep, ongoing history of Native peoples in what’s now known as the United States—from time immemorial to the Land Back movement.

This content was developed with a team of Indigenous experts, and based on an introductory college-level curriculum. By the end of this course you should be able to:
- Analyze the political and legal relationship between Native nations and the U.S. government
- Develop an informed perspective on distinct Native cultures’ traditions, practices, and worldview
- Draw connections between the past and present, in the continued existence and experiences of Native individuals and Native nations
- Highlight key figures in Native American history and illustrate their achievements and contributions

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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There are so many different types of contraception to choose from. So…where do you start? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the complicated history of birth control and many of the options available today—plus, why we still don’t have a male pill.

Introduction: The Contraception Game 00:00
Egg + Sperm 0:57
Natural Methods 1:40
Barrier Methods 2:49
Hormonal Methods 3:31
The History of Birth Control Pills 4:51
Toward a Male Birth Control Pill 6:46
Emergency Contraception 8:42
Permanent Birth Control 9:45
Review 10:31
Condom Demonstration 10:58

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/birth-control

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Today we wrap up the first half of our series on physical geography by taking a closer look at natural hazards - which are physical processes like heat waves and cyclones, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and floods and droughts. And when these natural events cause significant harm to humans, we call them natural disasters. So today we'll explore the ways geographers analyze and track these events, and take a closer look at the human impact of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and The Boxing Day Tsunami on the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was an evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.

Table of Contents
1) 3 Tissue Types 02:37
2) Primary Growth 03:04
3) Secondary Growth 03:28
4) Dermal Tissue 04:47
a) Epidermis 04:54
5) Parenchyma Cells 05:39
6) Vascular Tissue 05:58
7) Xylem 05:58
8) Collenchyma 07:10
9) Sclerenchyma 07:35
10) Ground Tissue 08:25
a) Mesophyll 08:17
b) Photosynthesis 08:47
11) Phloem 09:54

References
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect17.htm
http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700071982/Central-Utahs-Pando-worlds-largest-living-thing-is-threatened-scientists-say.html?pg=all
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/200000-year-old-patch-seagrass-worlds-oldest-living-organism

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On November 26, 2020, trade unions in India reported that over 250 MILLION people took part in a strike. What could prompt such massive protest? Farming. Today, we’re going to take a closer look at GMOs, which are organisms whose DNA has been modified in a laboratory, and examine the impact of one GMO in particular, Bt Cotton, in the agrarian crisis in India.

SOURCES

GEOGRAPHY BOOKS
Knox and Marston 2016: Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. Pearson

FARMER SUICIDES
Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, Every Thirty Minutes:
Farmer Suicides, Human Rights, and the Agrarian Crisis in India (New York: NYU School of Law, 2011).
SEEDSShiva, Vandana. 2016. Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply. University of Kentucky Press
https://grain.org/en/article/6644-booklet-upov-the-great-seeds-robbery

UPOV
https://www.upov.int/about/en/faq.html

US COTTON PRODUCTION
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/cotton-wool/cotton-sector-at-a-glance/
https://farm.ewg.org/progdetail.php?fips=00000&progcode=cotton

US SUBSIDIES
https://publish.illinois.edu/illinoisblj/2012/02/02/united-states-last-chance-to-save-cotton-subsidies/

WTO MEMBERSHIP
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm

FREE TRADE
https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/112391/cr-rigged-rules-double-standards-010502-en.pdf;sequence=18
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Native American history didn’t begin in 1492, and it didn’t end in 1900. It stretches back thousands and thousands of years and extends into the present – and the future – of the United States. In our first episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore why and how we plan to tell this history.

Introduction: A Winter Count 00:00
Scope of the Series 0:53
Terminology 1:46
Settler-Colonialism 5:04
Race & Native Identity 7:28
Why Native American History Matters 9:16
Review & Credits 11:42

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2


***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Quinn Harden, oranjeez, Forrest Langseth, UwU, Leah H., Jack Hart, Elizabeth LaBelle, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Toni Miles, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Steve Segreto, Ken Davidian, Laurel Stevens, Stephen Akuffo, Samantha, Krystle Young, Kristina D Knight, Perry Joyce, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Matt Curls, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Jennifer Killen, team dorsey, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Trevin Beattie, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Eric Koslow, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, Siobhán, Constance Urist, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Thomas Greinert, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Joseph Ruf
__

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In which John Green teaches you about China's Revolutions. While the rest of the world was off having a couple of World Wars, China was busily uprooting the dynastic system that had ruled there for millennia. Most revolutions have some degree of tumult associated with them, but China's 20th-century revolutions were REALLY disruptive. In 1911 and 1912, Chinese nationalists brought 3000 years of dynastic rule to an end. China plunged into chaos as warlords staked out regions of the country for themselves. The nationalists and communists joined forces briefly to bring the nation back together under the Chinese Republic, and then they quickly split and started fighting the Chinese Civil War. The fight between nationalists and communists went on for decades and was interrupted by an alliance to fight the invading Japanese during World War II. After World War II ended, the Chinese Civil War was back on. Mao and the communists were ultimately victorious, and Chiang Kai-Shek ended up in Taiwan. And then it got weird. Mao spent years repeatedly trying to purify the Communist Party and build up the new People's Republic of China with Rectifications, Anti Campaigns, Five Year Plans. the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. These had mixed results, to say the least. John will cover all this and more in this week's Crash Course World History.

Chapters:
Introduction: China's Revolutions 00:00
Calls for Reform in China 0:58
An Open Letter to Sun Yat Sen 1:33
Overthrowing the Qing Dynasty 2:38
The Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party 3:44
Mao Establishes the People's Republic of China 6:09
China's Soviet-inspired Five Year Plans 8:11
China's Cultural Revolution 9:52
Credits 11:30

Resources:
The Search for Modern China by Jonathan D. Spence https://bit.ly/3rLxlCL
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution by Ma Bo https://bit.ly/3EjstK4

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