CrashCourse

The American Civil War is one of the deadliest in US History, and let's just get this out of the way: it was about slavery. In the more than 150 years since the end of the Civil War, there have been many attempts to litigate the reasons for the war, but the reality is that the root of the division was slavery. As such, Black Americans experience in that war is particularly interesting. Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Sources and References

-Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans, with Documents Second edition. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2017)
-Kevin Levin, Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth (UNC Press, 2019).
-Ira Berlin et. al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1992).


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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#crashcourse #blackhistory #civilwar

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Hank introduces us to ecology - the study of the rules of engagement for all of us earthlings - which seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way it does. The world is crammed with things, both animate and not, that have been interacting with each other all the time, every day, since life on this planet began, and these interactions depend mostly on just two things... Learn what they are as Crash Course Biology takes its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.

Can't wait to learn more about ecology? Good news! Crash Course Ecology has 12 episodes you can watch right here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3wP8v84uqs&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX

Table of Contents
1) Ecological Hierarchy 02:01:2
a) Population 02:12
b) Community 02:26:1
c) Ecosystem 02:50
d) Biome 03:22:1
e) Biosphere 03:51

2) Key Ecological Factors 04:07
a) Temperature 05:06:1
b) Water 05:37

3) Biome Type 06:03:1

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Insects can communicate with each other about all kinds of things, but instead of using words, they use… you guessed it! Organic Chemistry! Insects can send signals to each other by secreting compounds, and one such compound used by termites contains the functional group we’re going to learn all about in this episode: enones! In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll learn about crossed aldol reactions, the formation of kinetic and thermodynamic enolates, hard and soft nucleophiles, conjugate addition, and of course, enones!

Series Penicillin References:
Nicolaou, K. C., & Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in total synthesis: targets, strategies, methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Sheehan, J. C. (1982). The enchanted ring: the untold story of penicillin.
Primary literature for Sheehan’s penicillin synthesis: Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1985; Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4059; Sheehan, J.C. & Bose A.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5158; Sheehan, J.C., Buhle, E.L, Corey E.J., Laubach, G.D. & Ryan J.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3828; Sheehan, J.C. & Laubach, G.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4376; Sheehan, J.C. & Hoff, D.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 237; Sheehan, J.C. & Corey E.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4756

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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What does it mean to transition? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the differences between sex and gender, and explore what it looks like when the gender assigned to a person doesn’t match who they really are.

Introduction: Being Transgender 00:00
Sexual Development 0:36
Gender Identity 2:54
Gender Norms 4:36
Transition & Trans Healthcare 6:07
Transness Today 9:23
Review & Credits 10:07

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:

A resource for learning more about gender identity (Planned Parenthood) - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity

A resource for learning more about what "intersex" means (Cleveland Clinic) - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16324-intersex

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all. John brings you all this, plus pictures of Sea Monkeys. Sadly, they don't look anything like those awesome commercials in the comic books.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decolonization 00:00
What Happens When Empires Fall? 0:33
Post-WWII Decolonization 2:24
Decolonization in India 3:14
Mohandas K. Gandhi 3:47
An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers 5:43
Indonesian Nationalism 6:40
The End of Colonization in French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) 7:51
Gamal Abdul Nasser and Egyptian Nationalism 8:35
Decolonization in Central and Southern Africa 9:16
Credits 12:10

Resources:
The Columbia History of the 20th Century https://bit.ly/3xrdpZ9

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Why do we like who we like? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we explore the many facets and variations of sexual orientation, and trace the history of homosexuality to the modern day LGBTQIA+ community.

Introduction: My First Crush 00:00
Sexual Orientation 0:41
The History of Sexual Orientation 2:02
Dr. Anonymous 2:59
Homosexuality & Genetics 4:42
Homosexuality & Evolution 5:42
The LGBTQIA+ Community 6:39
Review & Credits 8:59

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sexual-orientation
Cleveland Clinic - https://health.clevelandclinic.org/types-of-sexual-orientation
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/2488-questioning-your-sexuality-here-are-some-things-to-keep-in-mind

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
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Death is what fungi are all about. By feasting on the deceased remains of almost all organisms on the planet, converting the organic matter back into soil from which new life will spring, they perform perhaps the most vital function in the global food web. Fungi, which thrive on death, make all life possible.

Table of Contents
1) Biolography 02:07
2) Structure 04:53
3) The Decomposers 06:10
4) The Mutualists 06:38
5) The Predators 07:23
6) The Parasites 07:35
7) Reproduction 08:24

References
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/campbell/
http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Reference/Subjectareareference/?view=usa&ci=9780195367133
http://aftol.org/index.php
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus
http://live.psu.edu/story/59556
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/24/145731952/your-brain-on-psilocybin-might-be-less-depressed

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Hank tries not to stress you out too much as he delves into the functions and terminology of your sympathetic nervous system.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: Physiology of Stress 00:00
How Signals Travel to Effectors 1:48
Hormones & Neurotransmitters Communicate Stress 2:15
Preganglionic Fibers Release Acetylcholine (ACh) 3:42
Postganglionic Fibers Release Norepinephrine 4:34
Adrenal Glands Release Norepinephrine and Epinephrine as Hormones 5:10
Neurotransmitters vs. Hormones 6:01
How Norepinephrine Works: Alpha and Beta Receptors 6:29
Review 9:29
Credits 10:18

***

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Simun Niclasen, Brad Wardell, Roger C. Rocha, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Nevin Spoljaric, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Jessica Simmons, Stefan R. Finnerup, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Mike Drew, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian Ludvigsen, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, Pankaj Gurung, Kelley Culp, Joshua McKee, Amory Olson: Kasson-Mantorville High School Science Instructor, Jack Thakar, Arrow Worthy, Magnus "Krox" Krokstad, Rachel Lee, Brian J. Rolf, Sylien

--

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Is virginity really a thing? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll bust virginity myths and learn why women have traditionally faced stronger pressure to remain virgins. We’ll explore the ways social scripts guide what we think about sex—but aren’t the final word on how we live our lives.

Introduction: Like a Virgin 00:00
The History of Virginity 0:59
The Hymen 2:17
Culture & Sexual Scripts 4:10
Impacts of Sexual Scripts 5:43
Write Your Own Story 8:17
Review & Credits 8:57

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/sex/virginity
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22718-hymen
Bedsider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/962-5-myths-about-virginity-busted


***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Duncan W Moore IV, Shruti S, Breanna Bosso, oranjeez, Kevin Knupp, Forrest Langseth, Ken Davidian, Spilmann Reed, Rie Ohta, Steve Segreto, Alan Bridgeman, Toni Miles, Krystle Young, UwU, Laurel Stevens, team dorsey, Matt Curls, Kristina D Knight, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Bernardo Garza, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Andrew Woods, Samantha, Jennifer Killen, Brandon Thomas, Stephen Akuffo, Leah H., Jon Allen, Jack Hart, Quinn Harden, Scott Harrison, Elizabeth LaBelle, Perry Joyce, Emily Beazley, Caleb Weeks, Constance Urist, Barrett Nuzum, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Alex Hackman, Katie Dean, Eric Koslow, ClareG, Ken Penttinen, Evol Hong, Stephen McCandless, Siobhán, Tandy Ratliff, Emily T, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Les Aker, John Lee, Rizwan Kassim, Nathan Taylor, Triad Terrace, Pietro Gagliardi, Ian Dundore, Jason Buster, Indija-ka Siriwardena
__

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In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War, which was occasionally hot, but on average, it was just cool. In the sense of its temperature. It was by no means cool, man. After World War II, there were basically two big geopolitical powers left to divide up the world. And divide they did. The United States and the Soviet Union divvied up Europe in the aftermath of the war and then proceeded to spend the next 45 years fighting over the rest of the world. It was a great ideological struggle, with the US on the side of capitalism and profit, and the USSR pushing Communism, so-called. While both sides presented themselves as the good guy in this situation, the COLD reality is that there are no good guys. Both parties to the Cold War engaged in forcible regime changes, built up vast nuclear arsenals, and basically got up to dirty tricks. If you had to pick a bad guy though, we would point out that the USSR had no intention of bringing Laika the Cosmonaut Dog home alive. That poor dog never had a shot.

Thanks to Raoul Meyer for the YUGOGAL photo.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Cold War 00:00
The conflict between the USA and USSR 0:51
Soviet Sphere of Influence post-WWII 2:00
An Open Letter to Joseph Stalin 3:00
The Marshall Plan, the Berlin Wall, and NATO 4:04
The Nuclear Arms Race 5:16
The Hot Parts of the Cold War 6:00
The Lukewarm Parts of the Cold War 7:10
First-World, Second-World, and Third-World Divisions 7:46
The Failures of Soviet Socialism 9:06
The End of the Cold War 9:27
Credits 11:44

Want to learn more about the Cold War? Check out these other Crash Course videos:
The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0
The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0
George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War: Crash Course US History #44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-K19rVDxoM
The Cold War and Consumerism: Crash Course Computer Science #24
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8i38Yq1wX4
Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rkIqtV07HE

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