CrashCourse

In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the "sun never set on the British Empire." Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th-century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called "primitive" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Opium in China 0:23
The Treaty of Nanjing and British Control of Hong Kong 2:38
The Scramble for Africa 3:22
Why Europeans Previously Failed to Conquer Africa 4:39
How Technology Enabled European Colonization of Africa 5:41
An Open Letter to Hiram Maxim 6:22
African Resistance to European Invasion 7:16
European Domination Through Indirect Rule 8:16
Why Native Rulers Cooperated with Indirect Rule 9:52
Native Resistance to Imperialism Around the World 10:26
Khedive Ismail of Egypt & Business Imperialism 11:21
Credits 12:54


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From sports mascots to “the First Thanksgiving,” bland representations of Native Americans are everywhere. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll tackle common myths and misconceptions about Native people and uncover the truth behind tribal casinos, government handouts, and more.

Introduction: Super Bowl XXVI 00:00
"The First Thanksgiving" 0:38
Westerns & Native Invisibility 4:20
Native Mascots 5:28
Casinos & Government Handouts 8:26
Review & Credits 11:13

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that public schools should be racially integrated, and overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson decades before. This was made possible by a concerted legal effort spearheaded by the NAACP. Beginning in the 1930s, the NAACP's legal defense fund (led by Thurgood Marshall at the time of the Brown Decision) pursued a strategy of bringing cases to court that would expand the civil rights of Black Americans. This multi-decade effort culminated in the Brown decision, with many other victories along the way.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES

Rachel Devlin, A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools. New York: Basic Books, 2018.
Justin Driver, The Schoolhouse Gate: Public Education, the Supreme Court, and the Battle for the American Mind. New York: Pantheon Books, 2018.
Charles Ogletree, Jr. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown V. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thurgood-Marshall
https://www.law.virginia.edu/static/uvalawyer/html/alumni/uvalawyer/f04/klarman.htm
Klarman, Michael J. "How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis." The Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (1994): 81-118. Accessed July 29, 2021. doi:10.2307/2080994.
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/26/597154953/linda-brown-who-was-at-center-of-brown-v-board-of-education-dies
https://www.nps.gov/people/oliver-brown.htm


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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?

Table of Contents
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:27
2) Sex Determination 4:59
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:48
4) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25
a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40
b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57
c) Cervix & Vagina 8:32
5) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59
b) Penis 9:37
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13

References
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5385/1979
http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559814/)
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.

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What makes a Native American? Is it the way a person looks, their family history, or something else? In this episode of Crash Course Native American history, we dive into the ways people define and reclaim tribal identity, from blood quantums and federal recognition to language and more.

Introduction: "Looking" Native 00:00
The History of Native Identity 0:45
Language & Identity 3:31
The Dawes Rolls 6:20
Blood Quantum 7:17
Federal Recognition 9:43
Review & Credits 10:52


Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation.

This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: The Moon 00:00
How Big is the Moon? 0:54
Internal Structure of the Moon 1:56
The Moon's Surface: Highlands and Maria 2:15
How the Moon Formed: The Giant Impact Hypothesis 3:42
The Moon's Craters 6:32
Water on the Moon? H2O Yeah! 8:06
Review 9:06

--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--


PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Moon Phase 47.7% http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=3894 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
The Blue Marble http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli]
Dramatic Moonset http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1023a/ [credit: G.Gillet/European Southern Observatory]
Structure of the Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:Moon_diagram.svg [credit: Kelvin Song via WikiMedia Commons]
Crater Science Investigations: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10792 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Lunar crater Daealus http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_crater_Daedalus.jpg [credit: NASA]
Mare Humorum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mare_Humorum_-_LROC_-_WAC.JPG [credit: NASA]
Luna 3: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/lu3_1.html [credit: NASA]
Farside!: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/298 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Theia Earth Collision: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-violent-history-of-earths-moon-1098565110 [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Earth Seen From Early Moon: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-violent-history-of-earths-moon-1098565110 [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Moon Struck: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10931 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Tycho: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/417417main_tychofull-20100115-full.jpg [credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University]
Double crater on the moon: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2006/09/Double_crater_on_the_Moon [credit: ESA/SPACE-X (Space Exploration Institute)]
Stream of Craters: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_20090810_craterstream.html [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University]
Full Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:FullMoon2010.jpg [credit: Gregory H. Revera]
Rille on the valley floor, photographic mosaic from Apollo 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroter%27s_Valley#mediaviewer/File:Vallis_Schroteri.jpg [credit: NASA]
New Views of Lunar Pits: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/230 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Crater Erlanger: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Mini-RF/multimedia/erlanger_crater.html [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

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In which John Green teaches you about Nationalism. Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. Nationalist leaders changed the way people thought of themselves and the places they lived by reinventing education, military service, and the relationship between government and governed. In Japan, the traditional feudal society underwent a long transformation over the course of about 300 years to become a modern nation-state. John follows the course of Japanese history from the emergence of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the Meiji Restoration and covers Nationalism in many other countries along the way. All this, plus a special guest appearance, plus the return of an old friend on an extra-special episode of Crash Course.

Chapters:
Introduction: Nationalism 00:00
Nationalism Around the World 0:49
The Modern Nation-State 1:52
The Tokugawa Bakufu of Japan 4:59
The Meiji Era and Japanese Nationalism 7:43
An Open Letter to Public Education 9:19
The Dark Side of Nationalism 10:28
Credits 11:18

Resources:
A Modern History of Japan by Andrew Gordon https://bit.ly/3Ocfxu0
Giving Up the Gun by Noel Perrin https://bit.ly/37JFQqA

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Like it or not, porn exists. In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we unpack the pros and cons of pornography, its long and storied history, and how to engage with it critically and safely.

Our friends at asapSCIENCE just published a great video about the effects of porn on your brain- check it out here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Urgf5zoJNzU

Introduction: Porn Is Everywhere 00:00
What Is Porn? 0:28
The History of Porn 1:46
Benefits of Porn 2:57
Downsides of Porn 3:33
Porn Research 5:48
Sexual Literacy 6:49
Review & Credits 8:47

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/sex/porn

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands that produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.

References:
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.html
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540080
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9807636
http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(98)00169-3/abstract

Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2

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What do we mean when we say that Native Americans have a strong connection to the land? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore how Native peoples’ long, deep history on their homelands informs their culture, languages, and identity to this day.

Introduction: Deep Connections 00:00
Native Views of Land 0:39
Land-based Traditions 2:15
Land & Language 3:10
The Native-Land Relationship 4:53
Settler Colonialism 7:09
Land Reclamation 8:14
Review & Credits 9:32

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Join our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/email
Get our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhY

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
__

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