CrashCourse

Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands that produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.

References:
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.html
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540080
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9807636
http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(98)00169-3/abstract

Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2

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What do we mean when we say that Native Americans have a strong connection to the land? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore how Native peoples’ long, deep history on their homelands informs their culture, languages, and identity to this day.

Introduction: Deep Connections 00:00
Native Views of Land 0:39
Land-based Traditions 2:15
Land & Language 3:10
The Native-Land Relationship 4:53
Settler Colonialism 7:09
Land Reclamation 8:14
Review & Credits 9:32

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

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John Green makes it rain, and hijinks ensue on the Crash Course World History set.

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In which John Green teaches you about capitalism and socialism in a way that is sure to please commenters from both sides of the debate. Learn how capitalism arose from the industrial revolution, and then gave rise to socialism. Learn about how we got from the British East India Company to iPhones and consumer culture in just a couple of hundred years. Stops along the way include the rise of industrial capitalism, mass production, disgruntled workers, Karl Marx, and the Socialist Beard. The socialist reactions to the ills of capitalism are covered as well, and John discusses some of the ideas of Karl Marx, and how they've been implemented or ignored in various socialist states. Plus, there are robots!

Chapters:
Introduction: Capitalism 00:00
What is Industrial Capitalism? 0:59
How did Industrial Capitalism begin? 3:04
Capitalism Increased Productivity 4:51
Capitalism as a Cultural System 5:41
Criticisms of Capitalism 7:12
Socialism 7:59
An Open Letter to Karl Marx's Beard 9:12
Karl Marx's Ideology 10:23
Socialism vs. Industrial Capitalism Today 12:14
Credits 13:14

Resources:
The Relentless Revolution by Joyce Appelby: https://bit.ly/3OlIBPV
The Marx-Engels Reader: https://bit.ly/3M8o4fL

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Why and how do we orgasm? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll break down “the Big O”—its physical aspects, gendered expectations, and misconceptions. Plus, a fun cameo from a penis-camera.

Introduction: The Big O 00:00
Orgasms & Erogenous Zones 0:46
Masters & Johnson 2:55
The Dual Control Model 4:20
The Orgasm Gap 5:46
Review & Credits 8:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-pleasure-and-sexual-dysfunction/sex-and-pleasure
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9119-sexual-response-cycle

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At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still a very divided place. 700,000 people had died in a bitter fight over slavery. Reconstruction was the political process meant to bring the country back together. It was also the mechanism by which the country would extend the rights of citizenship to Black Americans, particularly those who had been recently emancipated. Today we'll learn about the Reconstruction amendments, the Freedman's Bureau, and the election of 1876, among other things.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Sources
W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 , 3rd. ed.. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863- 1877. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow . New York: Penguin Books, 2019.
Hilary Green, Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865-1890. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.
Martha S. Jones, All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.



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Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45

2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57

3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units18to20/blood/white.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj

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Just like everyone, all Native Americans are unique. But what do they have in common? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore similarities in Native worldviews, from harvest traditions to humor.

Introduction: Native Toys 00:00
Native Humor 1:05
Representing Native Humor 3:52
Reciprocity 5:37
Generosity 8:49
Review & Credits 10:06

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution. While very few leaders were beheaded in the course of this one, it changed the lives of more people more dramatically than any of the political revolutions we've discussed. So, why did the Industrial Revolution happen around 1750 in the United Kingdom? Coal. Easily accessible coal, it turns out. All this, plus you'll finally learn the difference between James Watt and Thomas Newcomen, and will never again be caught telling people that your blender has a 900 Newcomen motor.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Industrial Revolution 00:00
What Was the Industrial Revolution? 1:48
Innovations in the British Textile Industry 2:38
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Europe? 4:08
An Open Letter to the Steam Engine 4:57
What was going on in China during the Industrial Revolution? 5:35
European Advantages: High Wages and Low Fuel Costs 7:03
What was going on in India during the Industrial Revolution? 9:28
Credits 10:29

Learn more about the Industrial Revolution in these Crash Course videos:
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjK7PWmRRyg
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCpqN7GmLYk

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Food insecurity, or the lack of access to enough nutritious food, is a complex problem. In the 21st century, even with all of our advances in technology, access to food is still uneven. Today we're going to look at the diffusion of food across the globe during the Columbian Exchange and examine how changes in food technology from the Agricultural Revolution to the Green Revolution to the Genetic Revolution have played a significant part in food availability across the globe.

SOURCES

General

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Hobbs, Joseph J. Fundamental of World Regional Geography, 4th ed. Cengage. 2017.

Miller and Spoolman. Living in the Environment 19th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-337-09415-3

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

Chad
https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-hunger-in-chad/
https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/

Wheat
https://wheatworld.org/wheat-101/wheat-facts/
https://www.fao.org/3/Y4343E/y4343e02.htm
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/488280
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs/issue/46756/586181
https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/18/2/33/45845/You-Can-Never-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880908000194 (wheat beat the heat)
ttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95014-6

Overall production
https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields
https://www.fao.org/3/u8480e/U8480E07.htm#Proportions%20of%20food%20in%20average%20diets https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf
https://theconversation.com/ocean-warming-has-fisheries-on-the-move-helping-some-but-hurting-more-116248
https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields
https://www.fao.org/3/ac911e/ac911e05.htm
https://www.fao.org/3/Y4343E/y4343e02.htm
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize
https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/en/

Cost of Food/ Food Access
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-consumer-expenditure-spent-on-food-vs-gdp-per-capita
https://www.fao.org/3/ca9731en/ca9731en.pdf
https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/

Food Origins
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/13/481586649/a-map-of-where-your-food-originated-may-surprise-you
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf

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