CrashCourse

Why and how do we orgasm? In this episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll break down “the Big O”—its physical aspects, gendered expectations, and misconceptions. Plus, a fun cameo from a penis-camera.

Introduction: The Big O 00:00
Orgasms & Erogenous Zones 0:46
Masters & Johnson 2:55
The Dual Control Model 4:20
The Orgasm Gap 5:46
Review & Credits 8:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-pleasure-and-sexual-dysfunction/sex-and-pleasure
Cleveland Clinic - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9119-sexual-response-cycle

***
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At the end of the Civil War, the United States was still a very divided place. 700,000 people had died in a bitter fight over slavery. Reconstruction was the political process meant to bring the country back together. It was also the mechanism by which the country would extend the rights of citizenship to Black Americans, particularly those who had been recently emancipated. Today we'll learn about the Reconstruction amendments, the Freedman's Bureau, and the election of 1876, among other things.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Sources
W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 , 3rd. ed.. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863- 1877. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow . New York: Penguin Books, 2019.
Hilary Green, Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865-1890. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.
Martha S. Jones, All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.



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Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45

2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57

3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units18to20/blood/white.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj

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Just like everyone, all Native Americans are unique. But what do they have in common? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll explore similarities in Native worldviews, from harvest traditions to humor.

Introduction: Native Toys 00:00
Native Humor 1:05
Representing Native Humor 3:52
Reciprocity 5:37
Generosity 8:49
Review & Credits 10:06

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
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In which John Green wraps up revolutions month with what is arguably the most revolutionary of modern revolutions, the Industrial Revolution. While very few leaders were beheaded in the course of this one, it changed the lives of more people more dramatically than any of the political revolutions we've discussed. So, why did the Industrial Revolution happen around 1750 in the United Kingdom? Coal. Easily accessible coal, it turns out. All this, plus you'll finally learn the difference between James Watt and Thomas Newcomen, and will never again be caught telling people that your blender has a 900 Newcomen motor.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Industrial Revolution 00:00
What Was the Industrial Revolution? 1:48
Innovations in the British Textile Industry 2:38
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Europe? 4:08
An Open Letter to the Steam Engine 4:57
What was going on in China during the Industrial Revolution? 5:35
European Advantages: High Wages and Low Fuel Costs 7:03
What was going on in India during the Industrial Revolution? 9:28
Credits 10:29

Learn more about the Industrial Revolution in these Crash Course videos:
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjK7PWmRRyg
The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCpqN7GmLYk

Check out a free collection of kahoots based on this video here: https://create.kahoot.it/course/c3156863-2667-40bd-b4c7-e508522aa0d4

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Food insecurity, or the lack of access to enough nutritious food, is a complex problem. In the 21st century, even with all of our advances in technology, access to food is still uneven. Today we're going to look at the diffusion of food across the globe during the Columbian Exchange and examine how changes in food technology from the Agricultural Revolution to the Green Revolution to the Genetic Revolution have played a significant part in food availability across the globe.

SOURCES

General

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Hobbs, Joseph J. Fundamental of World Regional Geography, 4th ed. Cengage. 2017.

Miller and Spoolman. Living in the Environment 19th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-337-09415-3

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

Chad
https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-hunger-in-chad/
https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/

Wheat
https://wheatworld.org/wheat-101/wheat-facts/
https://www.fao.org/3/Y4343E/y4343e02.htm
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/488280
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs/issue/46756/586181
https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/18/2/33/45845/You-Can-Never-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880908000194 (wheat beat the heat)
ttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95014-6

Overall production
https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields
https://www.fao.org/3/u8480e/U8480E07.htm#Proportions%20of%20food%20in%20average%20diets https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf
https://theconversation.com/ocean-warming-has-fisheries-on-the-move-helping-some-but-hurting-more-116248
https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields
https://www.fao.org/3/ac911e/ac911e05.htm
https://www.fao.org/3/Y4343E/y4343e02.htm
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize
https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/en/

Cost of Food/ Food Access
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-consumer-expenditure-spent-on-food-vs-gdp-per-capita
https://www.fao.org/3/ca9731en/ca9731en.pdf
https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/

Food Origins
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/13/481586649/a-map-of-where-your-food-originated-may-surprise-you
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/nunn_qian_jep_2010.pdf

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson,

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If almost everybody masturbates, why can’t we talk about it? In this myth-busting episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll uncover the history of how masturbation became taboo, the person who made sex toys better for everyone, and the ways masturbation can actually be good for you.

Introduction: Masturbation Is Normal 00:00
Who Masturbates? 0:28
Gosnell Duncan & Sex Toys 1:22
Benefits of Masturbation 2:48
Masturbation Myths 4:37
Review & Credits 7:05

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Planned Parenthood - https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-pleasure-and-sexual-dysfunction/masturbation
***
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Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.

Table of Contents
1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:09
2) Muscle Anatomy 02:03
a) Muscle Fibers 03:07
b) Myofibrils 04:15:1
c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1
d) Myofilaments 04:37:2
3) Biolography 05:37:1
4) Sliding Filament Model 07:47

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Hank takes you on a tour of your two-part autonomic nervous system. This episode explains how your sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work together as foils, balancing each other out. Their key anatomical differences - where nerve fibers originate and where their ganglia are located - drive their distinct anatomical functions, making your sympathetic nervous system the "fight or flight" while your parasympathetic nervous system is for "resting and digesting."

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: Autonomic Nervous System 00:00
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 1:35
Origins - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 3:23
Ganglia - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 4:11
Axon Lengths - Comparing the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 5:30
Review 7:35
Credits 8:28

***

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--
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What does it mean to be kinky? In our final episode of Crash Course Sex Ed, we’ll learn that some “unusual” sexual desires are actually pretty common. We’ll talk about the differences between kinks, fetishes, and paraphilias, and the subjective nature of what’s “normal.”

Introduction: Is This Normal? 00:00
Kinks 0:40
Why Are People Kinky? 1:59
Fetishes 2:46
BDSM 3:39
Paraphilias 5:23
Review & Credits 6:36

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d7cG1ZMhBTROD2ZiMGiDwFwklPJAFgtip1RPkYVNvkg/edit?usp=sharing

For more information on the topics in this episode, check out this resource from our partners at the Kinsey Institute (https://kinseyinstitute.org/): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mSu0MerCwVUmNpya61JVIE4Wdsdkrgbk

Read more about these topics here:
Besider - https://www.bedsider.org/features/1437-how-to-respond-when-your-partner-shares-a-kink-with-you

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Shruti S, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Forrest Langseth, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Rie Ohta, Reed Spilmann, Elizabeth LaBelle, Jack Hart, Leah H., UwU, Barbara Pettersen, Kevin Knupp, Andrew Woods, David Fanska, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Kristina D Knight, Krystle Young, Alan Bridgeman, Scott Harrison, Perry Joyce, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Duncan W Moore IV, Bernardo Garza, Breanna Bosso, team dorsey, Jennifer Killen, Matt Curls, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Pietro Gagliardi, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Barrett Nuzum, ClareG, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Les Aker, Triad Terrace, Stephen McCandless, Jason Buster, Thomas Greinert, Emily T, Katie Dean, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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