CrashCourse

In which John Green examines the French Revolution, and gets into how and why it differed from the American Revolution. Was it the serial authoritarian regimes? The guillotine? The Reign of Terror? All of this and more contributed to the French Revolution not being quite as revolutionary as it could have been. France endured multiple constitutions, the heads of heads of state literally rolled, and then they ended up with a megalomaniacal little emperor by the name of Napoleon. But how did all of this change the world, and how did it lead to other, more successful revolutions around the world? Watch this video and find out. Spoiler alert: Marie Antoinette never said, "Let them eat cake." Sorry.

Chapters:
Introduction: The French Revolution 00:00
The French Declare Bankruptcy 0:41
Ancien Régime, Estates General, and the National Assembly 2:05
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 3:16
Louis XVI, Marie Antionette, and the Women's March 4:00
The Jacobins 4:43
Austria and Prussia Intervene 5:35
An Open Letter to the Guillotine 6:48
Guillotines Galore 7:35
Napoleon Bonaparte 8:23
How Revolutionary was the French Revolution? 9:44
Credits 11:22

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In which John Green teaches you about the end of World History, and the end of the world as we know it, kind of. For the last hundred years or so, it seemed that one important ingredient for running an economically successful country was a western-style democratic government. All evidence pointed to the idea that capitalist representative democracies made for the best economic outcomes. It turns out that isn't the only way to succeed. In the last 40 years or so, authoritarian capitalism as it's practiced in places like China and Singapore has been working really, really well. John is going to look at these systems and talk about why they work, and he's even going to make a few predictions about the future. Also, thanks for watching this series. It has been amazingly fun to create, and we appreciate all of you.

Citation 1: John Micklethwait & Adrian Woolridge. The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State. Penguin, New York 2014 p. 68
Citation 2: Han Fook Kwang, ed., Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas. Times Edition: 1997 p194
Citation 3: Quoted in Micklethwait & Woolridge, p155
Citation 4: Micklethwait & Woolridge, p159

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It’s time for the Eras Tour… well, the colonialism version. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll unpack the history of the Treaty Era and the Reservation Era, and all the broken promises and ripple effects that came with them.

Introduction: Wounded Knee Protest 00:00
The Treaty Era 0:40
The Reservation Era 1:28
Manhattan & the Lenape 2:13
The American Revolution 3:44
Removal 4:50
The Trail of Tears 6:06
The End of the Treaty Era 7:08
Wounded Knee 8:18
Review & Credits 10:07


Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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AThirstyPhilosopher ., Leah H., Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Roger Harms, Quinn Harden, Dalton Williams, Michael Maher, Allison Wood, Katrix , Chelsea S, Rie Ohta, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Mitch Gresko, Katie Hoban, Reed Spilmann, EllenBryn, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, UwU, Kevin Knupp, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Jack Hart, Thomas Sully, Shruti S, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Ian Dundore, Eric Koslow, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Emily T, team dorsey, Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Barrett Nuzum, Samantha, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Toni Miles, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Matt Curls, Wai Jack Sin, Liz Wdow, Perry Joyce, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Constance Urist, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Tanner Hedrick, Jason Buster, Duncan W Moore IV, Les Aker, Jason Rostoker, John Lee, Laurel Stevens, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jennifer Killen, Krystle Young, Katie Dean, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff, Luke Sluder, Evol Hong
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Hank takes us through the bowels of the human digestive system and explains why it's all about surface area.

Table of Contents
1) Surface Area to the Max! 3:21
2) Mouth to Esophagus 5:23
3) Stomach 6:38
4) Small Intestine 7:55
5) Large Intestine 9:44

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071008102334.htm

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What did it mean to “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll learn about assimilation and allotment: a period where the U.S. government tried to eliminate Native Americans by erasing their culture, their way of life, and their claim over the land.

Introduction: Biden's Apology 00:00
Assimilation 0:56
Native Boarding Schools 2:37
Allotment 4:44
Effects of Assimilation & Allotment 8:32
Review & Credits 9:51

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
AThirstyPhilosopher ., Leah H., Jason Terpstra, Matthew Fredericksen, Roger Harms, Quinn Harden, Dalton Williams, Michael Maher, Allison Wood, Katrix , Chelsea S, Rie Ohta, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Mitch Gresko, Katie Hoban, Reed Spilmann, EllenBryn, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, UwU, Kevin Knupp, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Ken Davidian, oranjeez, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Jack Hart, Thomas Sully, Shruti S, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Ian Dundore, Eric Koslow, Erminio Di Lodovico, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Emily T, team dorsey, Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Barrett Nuzum, Samantha, Ken Penttinen, ClareG, Toni Miles, Scott Harrison, Pietro Gagliardi, Matt Curls, Wai Jack Sin, Liz Wdow, Perry Joyce, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Stephen Akuffo, Constance Urist, Siobhán, Nathan Taylor, Tanner Hedrick, Jason Buster, Duncan W Moore IV, Les Aker, Jason Rostoker, John Lee, Laurel Stevens, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jennifer Killen, Krystle Young, Katie Dean, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff, Luke Sluder, Evol Hong
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In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years' War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict. (hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from rich white guys and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys.

Chapters:
Introduction: The American Revolution 00:00
Tensions Rising: The Stamp Act, Townsend Act, and Boston Massacre 0:52
An Open Letter to Tea 2:25
How Colonists Protested Unfair Taxation 3:10
British Loyalists & Sympathizers 5:02
Revolutionary Ideas: No Taxation 5:54
All Men are Created Equal? 7:07
The Enlightenment 7:58
Changes After the American Revolution 9:16
Credits 10:52

Learn more about the American Revolution in these other Crash Course videos:
Taxes & Smuggling - Prelude to Revolution: Crash Course US History #6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc
Who Won the American Revolution?: Crash Course US History #7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EiSymRrKI4
The American Revolution: Crash Course Black American History #8: https://youtu.be/y75yPx9WKHY

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Did you know that the fishier a fish smells, the longer it’s been out of the water? This is due to a chemical called trimethylamine, which is an amine, the class of organic compounds we’re discussing in this episode! Although they tend to be pretty stinky, amines are important in many fields like biochemistry, medicine, and agriculture. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll explore amine formation and basicity, and revisit some old friends, imines and enamines!

Episode Sources:
https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/pyridine/7453.article
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/acidbase/bases.html
Functional Group Order of Precedence For Organic Nomenclature. (2020, May 21). Retrieved June 8, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/216695

Series Penicillin References:
Nicolaou, K. C., & Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in total synthesis: targets, strategies, methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Sheehan, J. C. (1982). The enchanted ring: the untold story of penicillin.
Primary literature for Sheehan’s penicillin synthesis: Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1985; Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4059; Sheehan, J.C. & Bose A.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5158; Sheehan, J.C., Buhle, E.L, Corey E.J., Laubach, G.D. & Ryan J.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3828; Sheehan, J.C. & Laubach, G.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4376; Sheehan, J.C. & Hoff, D.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 237; Sheehan, J.C. & Corey E.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4756

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
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Something big happened in 1934—but whether it was good or bad depends on who you ask. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll unpack the ins and outs of the Indian Reorganization Act, the first piece of legislation that tried to right the wrongs of the U.S. government against Native Americans, and its ninety-year-long legacy.

Introduction: The Navajo's Livestock 00:00
The Meriam Report 0:52
The Indian Reorganization Act 3:21
The Ute Tribes of Colorado 6:08
Downsides of the IRA 7:34
The IRA Today 9:22
Review & Credits 10:42

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Allison Wood, UwU, oranjeez, Leah H., David Fanska, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Hoban, Roger Harms, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Reed Spilmann, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, DexcilaDou, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Toni Miles, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Siobhán, Alan Bridgeman, team dorsey, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Jason Buster, Jennifer Killen, Wai Jack Sin, Les Aker, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Katie Dean, Nathan Taylor, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Matt Curls, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Eric Koslow, Scott Harrison, ClareG, Samantha, Ian Dundore, Kristina D Knight, Ken Davidian, Perry Joyce, Jason Rostoker, Bernardo Garza, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Liz Wdow, Pietro Gagliardi, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Stephen Akuffo, Duncan W Moore IV, Breanna Bosso, Tanner Hedrick, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder
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Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.

Table of Contents
1) Respiratory System 00:48
2) Simple Diffusion 00:55
3) Respiratory Anatomy 02:35
a) Trachea to Capillaries 03:10
4) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm 04:37
5) Circulatory System 05:35
6) Circulatory Anatomy 05:54
a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds 06:50
b) Veins to Left Atrium 08:46
7) Endotherms & Ectotherms 09:20

References:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/circulatory-system-and-the-heart
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system
http://www.ideacenter.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/38ed8a0c6db7a4f1a37e405922c364bd/miscdocs/vertebratehearts.pdf

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"00559 deep breathing 1.wav" by Robinhood76

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We’re all susceptible to infectious disease of some kind or other, but not everyone is equally likely to be the victim of an outbreak. The fact is, inequalities both between and within communities mean that some people are at higher risk than others. In this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science, we’ll look deeper at the factors that lead to this uneven distribution of outbreaks.

This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518324/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719303/
https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100257/pdf/41271_2005_Article_BF3200004.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971216310682#bib0145
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6178566/
https://apps.wr
ho.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43644/9789241595346_eng.pdf
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.526.3664&rep=rep1&type=pdf
https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055329004000032
https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/92/5/1041/2688120?login=true
https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/mapping-of-poverty-and-likely-zoonoses-hotspots
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-11-billion-people-mean-disease-outbreaks/
https://www.scielo.br/j/jvatitd/a/hCn9k4R8yCqMgTktSByqK3r/?lang=en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459433/
https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport#:~:text=Around%2080%25%20of%20the%20volume,higher%20for%20most%20developing%20countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837678/
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6825a3.htm
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25879490/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594835/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100257/pdf/41271_2005_Article_BF3200004.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639930/pdf/8969243.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323368/#:~:text=The%20hantaviruses%20that%20cause%20HPS,species%20of%20the%20subfamily%20Sigmodontinae.&text=In%20Brazil%2C%20during%20the%201980s,virus%20(13%E2%80%9316)

***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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