CrashCourse

Hank and his cat Cameo help teach us about animal behavior and how we can discover why animals do the things they do.

References:
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/actionpot.html
http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/zebras
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_sheath_gap
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/nervecellsandnerves/nerve_cells_and_nerves.shtml

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What is life like for Natives living in cities, and how did they get there? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll learn about the unique challenges for Natives in urban areas—and their important contributions to their communities.

Introduction: Mohawk Ironworkers 00:00
Relocation & Termination 0:32
Relocation Policies 1:07
Counting Natives in Cities 3:37
Pan-Indianism 6:59
Effects of Pan-Indianism 8:34
Review & Credits 10:12

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Thomas, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Barbara Pettersen, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, Evan Nelson, Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Allison Wood, UwU, oranjeez, Leah H., David Fanska, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Hoban, Roger Harms, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, Michael Maher, Jason Terpstra, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Reed Spilmann, Quinn Harden, Shruti S, DexcilaDou, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, Jack Hart, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Toni Miles, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Siobhán, Alan Bridgeman, team dorsey, Emily T, Triad Terrace, Jason Buster, Jennifer Killen, Wai Jack Sin, Les Aker, John Lee, Joseph Ruf, Laurel Stevens, Katie Dean, Nathan Taylor, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Ken Penttinen, Matt Curls, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Krystle Young, Constance Urist, Eric Koslow, Scott Harrison, ClareG, Samantha, Ian Dundore, Kristina D Knight, Ken Davidian, Perry Joyce, Jason Rostoker, Bernardo Garza, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Trevin Beattie, Liz Wdow, Pietro Gagliardi, Barrett Nuzum, Rizwan Kassim, Stephen Akuffo, Duncan W Moore IV, Breanna Bosso, Tanner Hedrick, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder
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If you’ve been paying attention so far in this series, you’ve probably heard of benzene. This molecule is flat, cyclic, and belongs to a special class of compounds known as aromatics. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll learn all about aromatic compounds, their properties, reactivities, and some of the most important examples, like benzene. We’ll also revisit our friend NMR, and hear about some dubious science history!

Episode Sources:
Browne, M., 1988. THE BENZENE RING: DREAM ANALYSIS. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/science/the-benzene-ring-dream-analysis.html
Lonsdale Kathleen, 1929. The structure of the benzene ring in C6(CH3)6. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A123494–515 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1929.0081

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

***
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Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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In which John Green explores how Spain went from being a middling European power to one of the most powerful empires on Earth, thanks to their plunder of the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries. Learn how Spain managed to destroy the two biggest pre-Columbian civilizations, mine a mountain made of silver, mishandle their economy, and lose it all by the mid-1700s. Come along for the roller coaster ride with Charles I (he was also Charles V), Philip II, Atahualpa, Moctezuma, Hernán Cortés, and Francisco Pizarro as Spain rises and falls, and takes two empires and China down with them.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Aztec Civilization 0:45
An Open Letter to Human Sacrifice 2:00
The Inca Civilizaiton 2:52
Spanish Conquistadors in South America 3:44
Spanish Silver Mines in the Americas 5:21
Charles V and Sons 6:09
Silver in China 7:43
Credits 10:03

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Our final Crash Course Psychology Outtakes. Please enjoy Hank being Hank.

--
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Alaska and Hawai'i didn’t become U.S. states until 1959—so what did that mean for the Native people who were living there first? In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, we’ll learn how Alaska Natives’ and Native Hawaiians’ history with the U.S. has taken its own distinct course.

Introduction: Something Weird 00:00
Alaska Natives 0:51
Alaskan Colonization 1:49
Alaskan Statehood 3:48
The Kanaka Maoli 6:02
Hawaiian Colonization 7:06
Hawaiian Statehood 8:37
Review & Credits 10:30


Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2


***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, David Fanska, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Emily Beazley, Emily T, Elizabeth LaBelle, Breanna Bosso, Chelsea S, Barbara Pettersen, Jennifer Killen, Andrew Woods, Joseph Ruf, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Brandon Thomas, Bernardo Garza, Allison Wood, Jason Rostoker, Constance Urist, EllenBryn, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Dalton Williams, Alex Hackman, Johnathan Williams, John Lee, Ian Dundore, Gina Mancuso, Erminio Di Lodovico, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Eric Koslow, Jack Hart, Barrett Nuzum, Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jason Buster, Alan Bridgeman, Duncan W Moore IV, ClareG, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Pietro Gagliardi, Stephen Akuffo, Les Aker, Krystle Young, Laurel Stevens, Tandy Ratliff, Roger Harms, Ken Penttinen, Martin G. Diller, Liz Wdow, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Dean, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Michael Maher, Leah H., Ken Davidian, Steve Segreto, Matt Curls, Luke Sluder, Samantha, Stephen McCandless, Scott Harrison, Siobhán, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Perry Joyce, Nathan Taylor, Matthew Fredericksen, Kristina D Knight, Rizwan Kassim, Reed Spilmann, Tanner Hedrick, Toni Miles, Thomas Sully, team dorsey, Thomas, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Triad Terrace, UwU
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Hank introduces us to ourselves by taking us on a journey through the fascinatingly diverse phyla known as chordata. And the next time someone asks you who you are, you can give them the facts: you're a mammalian amniotic tetrapodal sarcopterygian osteichthyen gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate.

Table of Contents:
1) Chordate Synapomorphies 1:04
2) Cephalachordata 1:20
3) Urochordata 3:16
4) Vertebrata 3:49
a) Myxini 4:30
b) Petromyzontida 4:51
c) Chondrichthyes 5:32
d) Osteichthyes 6:05
5) Biolography 7:29
6) Amphibia 9:02
7) Reptilia 9:47
8) Mammalia 10:57

References:
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/chordates.html
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/animals/09-Basic-Chordates.htm
http://prezi.com/8fhckoykznls/ap-bio-biodiversity-4-the-chordates/
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/campbl34.htm
http://www.ebiomedia.com/prod/BOchordates.html
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/coelacanth/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/anatomy-coelacanth.html
http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/252869/20111120/latest-study-reveals-teeth-evolving-ancient-scales.htm

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Moog_woodenBlocks.aiff" by Feenixx

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Women have always played important roles in Native societies. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, Lily Gladstone helps us unpack the ways Native women have shown up, as war heroes and peacemakers, and as matriarchs and activists.

Introduction: Divine Women 00:00
Matriarchal Societies 0:37
Native Women at War 2:01
Jikonsaseh 3:05
Ideas about Gender 4:48
Effects of Colonization 5:53
Violence Against Women Today 8:08
Native Activism 9:24
Review & Credits 12:42

Special thanks to "100 Years: One Woman's Fight for Justice" for use of their footage of Elouise Cobell / https://www.videoproject.org/100-Years.html

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQBffoAT-rrogcKRaA2eNjeRCpmCrJ8/edit?usp=sharing

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17yp3u28s40TdjyrJniIf4U9YA8wPtvQ1g1B-HSHQ2Q4/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.6vtzps565m2

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DexcilaDou, David Fanska, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Emily Beazley, Emily T, Elizabeth LaBelle, Breanna Bosso, Chelsea S, Barbara Pettersen, Jennifer Killen, Andrew Woods, Joseph Ruf, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Brandon Thomas, Bernardo Garza, Allison Wood, Jason Rostoker, Constance Urist, EllenBryn, Caleb Weeks, Evol Hong, Dalton Williams, Alex Hackman, Johnathan Williams, John Lee, Ian Dundore, Gina Mancuso, Erminio Di Lodovico, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Eric Koslow, Jack Hart, Barrett Nuzum, Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jason Buster, Alan Bridgeman, Duncan W Moore IV, ClareG, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Katrix , Pietro Gagliardi, Stephen Akuffo, Les Aker, Krystle Young, Laurel Stevens, Tandy Ratliff, Roger Harms, Ken Penttinen, Martin G. Diller, Liz Wdow, SpaceRangerWes, Katie Dean, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, Quinn Harden, Michael Maher, Leah H., Ken Davidian, Steve Segreto, Matt Curls, Luke Sluder, Samantha, Stephen McCandless, Scott Harrison, Siobhán, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Perry Joyce, Nathan Taylor, Matthew Fredericksen, Kristina D Knight, Rizwan Kassim, Reed Spilmann, Tanner Hedrick, Toni Miles, Thomas Sully, team dorsey, Thomas, Wai Jack Sin, Trevin Beattie, Triad Terrace, UwU
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In which John Green teaches you about one of the least funny subjects in history: slavery. John investigates when and where slavery originated, how it changed over the centuries, and how Europeans and colonists in the Americas arrived at the idea that people could own other people based on skin color.

Slavery has existed as long as humans have had civilization, but the Atlantic Slave Trade was the height, or depth, of dehumanizing, brutal, chattel slavery. American slavery ended less than 150 years ago. In some parts of the world, it is still going on. So how do we reconcile that with modern life? In a desperate attempt at comic relief, Boba Fett makes an appearance.

Learn more about the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Episode #1 of Crash Course Black American History here: https://youtu.be/S72vvfBTQws

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Atlantic Slave Trade 0:30
The History of European Slave Trade 1:12
How Africans Became Enslaved 1:54
Living Conditions of Enslaved People 2:55
An Open Letter to the Word 'Slave' 5:41
What is the Definition of Slavery? 6:45
Other Models of Slavery: Greek, Roman, Judeo-Christian, and Muslim 7:26
Credits 10:35

Resources:
Inhuman Bondage by David Brion Davis: https://bit.ly/3vdSdTX
Up From Slavery by Booker T Washington: https://bit.ly/3JJlxH4

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Phil starts the planet-by-planet tour of the solar system right here at home, Earth.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: The Earth 00:00
Layers of Earth 1:25
Continental Plates 3:01
Why is the Earth's Core so Hot? 4:21
Earth's Magnetic Field 5:10
Earth's Atmosphere 5:58
Atmospheric Pressure 7:30
Liquid Water on Earth 7:51
The Greenhouse Effect: CO2 in the Atmosphere 8:16
Review 9:27
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Planets:
Mercury: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080116.html
Venus: http://www.msss.com/all_projects/magellan.php
Earth: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36019
Mars: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html
Jupiter: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia04866.html
Saturn: http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/06/Ten%20Years%20at%20Saturn/cassini_ugarkovic_saturn.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg [credit: Photo by NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Gordan Ugarkovic]
Uranus: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/35/image/a/
Neptune: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/05/15/neptune_voyager_images_updated_for_portrait_of_the_eighth_planet.html

Ulaan Tsutgalan waterfall: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_River#mediaviewer/File:Ulaan-Tsutgalan-waterfall.jpg
Perspective on a cloudy day: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/09/05/clouds_from_space_photo_by_iss_astronaut_oleg_artemyev.html [credit: Oleg Artemyev]
Rain droplets: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_droplets.jpg
Yellowston Mud Pot: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_bubble#mediaviewer/File:Yellowstone_mud_pot_p1090998.jpg
Sea otters holding hands: http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D#mediaviewer/File:Sea_otters_holding_hands.jpg
Continental Drift: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=73 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
Mission to Bennu: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11697 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~glatz/GarysImages/surf.gif [credit: San Diego Supercomputer Center / Nature]
Excerpt from "Dynamic Earth" http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11003 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Clouds: http://www.beachfrontbroll.com/2013/07/BrightSkyandClouds.html
Aurora Borealis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YjCIoPHT0U [credit: Fotograf Göran Strand]
Waves On Rocky Shore 1080 (2011): https://archive.org/details/wavesOnRockyShore-1080
A Year In The Life Of Earth’s CO2: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11719 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
NASA | 2014 Continues Long-Term Global Warming: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtPkFBbJLMg

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