CrashCourse

Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet.

This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster

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Chapters:
Introduction: Our Sun 00:00
The Sun's Core 1:28
Convection 3:12
Photosphere 3:49
The Corona & Solar Wind 4:19
How long does it take for light to reach the Sun's surface? 5:04
Plasma & The Sun's Magnetic Fields 6:01
Sunspots & Faculae 7:09
Solar Flares & Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) 8:20
The Earth & Solar Eruptions 9:18
Review 10:59
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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS
Hubble extrasolar planet search field in Sagittarius: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0612d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sahu (STScI) and the SWEEPS science team]
The Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/499558main_hmi4096.jpg [credit: SDO/HMI]
The Sun: http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/SDO_4096_0171.jpg [credit: NASA/SDO/AIA]
Earth: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/earth-from-space-15-amazing-things-in-15-years/#.VMvNXmTF_Z0 [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory]
Fusion in the Sun: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FusionintheSun.svg [credit: Borb]
Empire State Building: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building#mediaviewer/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg
Sun Structure: https://www.flickr.com/photos/11304375@N07/2819311727/
Photospheric granulation: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/granules.jpg
Corona: http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-qjqMzzK [credit: Phil Hart]
"Magnet0873" by Newton Henry Black - Newton Henry Black, Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA, p. 242, fig. 200. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet0873.png#mediaviewer/File:Magnet0873.png
Strange Days On The Sun: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11682 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Images courtesy of NASA/SDO]
Under the Sunspots: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=20070 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Raining Loops: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011100/a011168/Raining_Loops_Still_2.jpg [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO]
Coronal Mass Ejection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xYcMQe5KA [credit: NASA]
Aurora: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-BicSV9RAw
Soloar Close-ups: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4061 [credit: NASA]

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There’s no place like Earth—and we’ve got the planet’s spectacular, one-of-a-kind geology to thank for it. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll explore how geology touches our lives, helps us solve mysteries about the planet’s past and its future, and puts our world life in perspective.

Introduction: More Than Rocks 00:00
What is Geology 0:40
Fall Lines and Settlement Patterns 3:37
Jobs of Geologists 5:58
Review and Credits 7:59

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
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In which Hank does some push-ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.

Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33

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While we can’t explore every cultural trait in the world, language is an important system of spoken, signed, or written symbols humans use to express themselves. It’s a major marker of identity that often unites members of the same nation, or people with similar cultural identity.
And it’s a cultural trait that has enormous power because language helps other cultural traits move through the spoken, visual, tactile, and musical word. So today, we’re going to explore how words move, because the activities that prompt that movement can tell us a lot about how ideas as well move around the world.

SOURCES

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1

Hobbs, Joseph J. Fundamental of World Regional Geography, 4th ed. Cengage. 2017.

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Bilingualism
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/life-bilingual/201011/bilingualisms-best-kept-secret

Chai
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61786391/2019_chai20200114-100765-gqbui9-with-cover-page.pdf

Bantu
Isern N, Fort J (2019) Assessing the importance of cultural diffusion in the Bantu spread into southeastern Africa. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0215573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215573

Click languages
Clicks in south-western Bantu languages: contact-induced vs. language-internal lexical change

Banjo
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/smithsonian-center-folklife-cultural-heritage/2021/02/16/quest-return-banjo-its-african-roots/
https://afropop.org/audio-programs/the-black-history-of-the-banjo

Endangered Languages Project
http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/#/3/59.308/-47.527/0/100000/0/low/mid/high/unknown

Chickasaw Efforts to preserve language
https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2016/10/06/oklahoma-chickasaw-language

Miami efforts to preserve language
http://miamioh.edu/myaamia-center/index.html

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What can a moon rock tell us about Earth’s distant past? All kinds of stuff! Like where its water came from, how it got its moon, and what its birth might have looked like. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll stroll down memory lane with the Earth’s baby book, and learn about some of the ways it might have formed.

Introduction: An Earth Rock on the Moon 00:00
How the Earth Formed 0:36
How the Moon Formed 3:39
Where Earth's water came from 6:53
Where Earth's atmosphere came from 8:01
Review and Credits 8:48

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
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In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state.

Chapters:
Introduction: China 00:00
Dynasties of China 0:39
The Mandate of Heaven 3:08
The Qin Dynasty 4:59
Confucius and Confucianism 6:32
An Open letter to the Xia Dynasty 8:21
Ren and Li 9:17
The Problem with Early Written Chinese History 9:57
Credits 11:40

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Nobody has made it to the center of the Earth—but not for lack of trying. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll journey through the crust and mantle that make up ⅔ of our planet’s insides. We’ll uncover how these layers affect our lives on the surface, and how geologists discover more about them without traveling into Earth’s depths themselves.

Introduction: Kola Superdeep Borehole 00:00
Project Mohole 0:40
The Earth's Crust 3:23
The Earth's Mantle 5:33
Review & Credits 9:15

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mike Cumings, Jr., NassauLinda, Chuck Smith, DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Matthew Fredericksen, Michael Maher, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Stephen Akuffo, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, UwU, David Fanska, oranjeez, Brandon Thomas, Toni Miles, Elizabeth LaBelle, Emily Beazley, Leah H., Rie Ohta, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Tanner Hedrick, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Les Aker, Samantha, Laurel Stevens, Pietro Gagliardi, Alan Bridgeman, Stephen McCandless, Alex Hackman, Steve Segreto, Liz Wdow, Constance Urist, Thomas, Katie Dean, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jennifer Killen, Kristina D Knight, Nathan Taylor, John Lee, Evol Hong, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Emily T, Breanna Bosso, Bernardo Garza, Rizwan Kassim, Jason Buster, Wai Jack Sin, Scott Harrison, Triad Terrace, Ian Dundore, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Ken Penttinen, Barrett, Krystle Young, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, Erminio Di Lodovico, Perry Joyce, Siobhán, team dorsey, Joseph Ruf, Jason Rostoker, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks, Tandy Ratliff
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In which John Green teaches you about the Mughal Empire, which ruled large swaths of the Indian Sub-Continent from 1526 to (technically) 1857. While John teaches you about this long-lived Muslim empire, he'll also look at the idea of historical reputation and how we view people from history. Namely, he'll look at the reputations of Mughal emperors Akbar I and Aurangzeb. Traditionally, Akbar I is considered the emperor that made the Mughal Empire great, and Aurangzeb gets the blame for running the whole thing into the ground and setting it up for decline. Is that really how it was, though? It turns out, it's complicated.

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Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.

Watching this after 2023? Here's an updated video about plant cells from Crash Course Botany: https://youtu.be/y9BLCfcUcFg

Table of Contents annotations:
1. Introduction 0:00
2. Plant Evolution 0:56
3. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells 2:33
4. Cellulose and Lignin 3:58
5. Plastids and Chloroplasts 7:05
6. Central Vacuole 8:10

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

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The crust and the mantle are cool, but Earth’s real hero is its core, which helps protect us from all kinds of stuff. In this episode of Crash Course Geology, we’ll take a journey to the center of the Earth to meet our hero, the core.

Introduction: A Cold War Mystery 00:00
Discovering the Core 0:47
The Magnetosphere 3:54
Solar Events 5:38
Shifting Magnetic Poles 7:43
Review & Credits 8:58

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RpwM8ZQPFk_DkzMJjMdtRrNGrJSNJ7FbgmQybSZ2Cqo/edit?tab=t.0

Check out our CC Geology Extracurricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOmqnkvEtNVOrm0eaIjFjJ7

***
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Katrix , Elizabeth LaBelle, Dalton Williams, Shruti S, Kevin Knupp, Michael Maher, Chelsea S, SpaceRangerWes, Johnathan Williams, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Toni Miles, Evan Nelson, Chuck Smith, Stephen Akuffo, Reed Spilmann, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Quinn Harden, UwU, Mike Cumings, Jr., Brandon Thomas, David Fanska, Barbara Pettersen, Mitch Gresko, DexcilaDou, Ken Davidian, Andrew Woods, Gina Mancuso, AThirstyPhilosopher ., NassauLinda, Jason Terpstra, Leah H., oranjeez, Allison Wood, Emily Beazley, Roger Harms, Rie Ohta, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Triad Terrace, Jennifer Killen, Joseph Ruf, Trevin Beattie, ClareG, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Alex Hackman, Jason Buster, Rizwan Kassim, team dorsey, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Scott Harrison, Laurel Stevens, Thomas, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Ian Dundore, Ken Penttinen, Erminio Di Lodovico, Constance Urist, Samantha, Perry Joyce, Tanner Hedrick, Steve Segreto, Stephen McCandless, Eric Koslow, Evol Hong, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Tandy Ratliff, Matt Curls, Katie Dean, Wai Jack Sin, Jason Rostoker, Krystle Young, Les Aker, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder
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