One of the Berachot that we recite each morning as part of the Birkot Ha'shahar series of blessings is "Roka Ha'aretz Al Ha'mayim." This text is based on a verse in Tehillim (136:6) in which King David gives praise to G-d for the wonder of the earth being spread over the water. Water lies underneath the earth, and since earth is much heavier than water, the earth should sink into the water, making the world uninhabitable. If we throw a mound of earth into water, it will of course sink to the bottom of the water, and yet, miraculously, the earth remains afloat, allowing us to live here. This is an ongoing miracle which we are unlikely to be cognizant of, because we don't see the water. King David appreciated this wondrous phenomenon because he saw what could happen without it. The Gemara relates that when David laid the foundations for the Bet Ha'mikdash, the underground water began rising, and threatened to flood the entire earth. He needed to utilize one of the Names of G-d to make the water return to place. We catch glimpses of the threat that would be posed by the underground waters when we see or hear of a tsunami, whereby the ocean waters expand into the shoreline. The Sages wanted us to appreciate this miracle on a daily basis, and so they instituted a special blessing for us to recite each morning praising Hashem for keeping the earth above the underground waters. The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) notes that this Beracha is unique in that, as opposed the other morning blessings, it does not speak of a phenomenon that is renewed each day. The other Berachot we recite in the morning praise Hashem for blessings He grants us anew every day – such as the ability to get out of bed, to open our eyes, to put on our clothing, and so on. The earth's floating on the underground waters, however, is a continuous condition that never ceases; this is not something which is discontinued during the night and then resumes in the morning. The Ben Ish Hai writes that precisely for this reason the Sages deemed this phenomenon worthy of a special Beracha – because it is a constant miracle, as at any moment the earth would sink if not for Hashem's kindness. The Rabbis instituted this Beracha to draw our attention to this wondrous reality so we recognize our enormous debt of gratitude to the Almighty.

One of the morning blessings (Birkot Ha'shahar) which we recite each day is "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber" – "…who prepares the steps of man." Some commentators explain that this Beracha praises Hashem for allowing us to walk upright, on two legs, as opposed to animals, who walk on four legs, their bodies hunched. Others understand this Beracha to mean that Hashem guides and directs each and every one of our steps, bringing us at all times to precisely where we need to be. We never take a "wrong turn," and we never end up in the "wrong place." Wherever we find ourselves at any moment is the exact place where Hashem wanted us to be at that exact moment. This is a crucial aspect of Emuna (faith) – the belief that we are always precisely where we are supposed to be at that time, that Hashem is constantly directing us, even when it seems that we are not in the right place. According to some commentators, this is what we thank Hashem for each morning when we recite the Beracha of "Ha'mechin Mis'adeh Gaber." This Beracha concludes with the word "Gaber," a variation of the word "Geber" – "man." Some suggest that this word refers specifically to Jews, as it is an acrostic representing the words "Gomleh Hasadim" (performers of kindness), "Bayshanim" (people with shame), and "Rahmanim" (compassionate people) – the three qualities which, the Gemara teaches, characterize the Jewish Nation. The word "Geber" is changed to "Gaber" because of a rule of Hebrew grammar – that at the end of a word or clause, the "Segol" vowel is changed to a "Kamatz" vowel. Thus, for example, when the word "Kesef" (money) appears at the end of a verse, it is changed to "Kasef." Similarly, the word "Geber" is changed to "Gaber" when it is the final word of a Beracha. (Another Beracha we recite each morning is "She'lo Asani Abed" – and there, too, the word "Ebed" is changed to "Abed" because it appears at the end of the Beracha.) This is why Ashkenazim have the practice to pronounce the blessing recited over wine "Boreh Peri Ha'gafen." Whereas Sephardic custom is to pronounce the final word of this Beracha "Ha'gefen," Ashkenazim pronounce it "Ha'gafen" because it is the last word of the blessing. Hacham Ovadia explained the Sephardic custom based on the fact that the Beracha over wine is generally recited in the presence of other people, who answer "Amen" to the Beracha. Since the people answer "Amen," the Beracha actually ends with "Amen," and not with the word "Ha'gefen." Therefore, it is not changed to "Ha'gafen." This is in contrast to Birkot Ha'shahar, which are usually recited at home, in private, with nobody around to answer "Amen," and so the Beracha ends with the word "Gaber." Some recite the text "Asher Hechin Mis'adeh Gaber," in past tense, but we follow the custom to recite this blessing in the present tense – "Ha'mechin Misa'adeh Gaber."

One of the Berachot we recite each morning as part of Birkot Ha'shahar is "Malbish Arumim," with which we express gratitude to Hashem for the gift of clothing. The clothing that we wear protects us from the elements, and maintains our dignity. As such, it is a precious gift that we must never take for granted, and the Sages therefore instituted a special blessing to thank G-d for the garments that we are privileged to wear in the morning. The literal meaning of the words "Malbish Arumim" is "who clothes the naked." Grammatically, the letter Mem has a "Dagesh" (a dot for emphasis), such that it is to be pronounced as a strong "m," as opposed to a Mem without a "Dagesh" which is pronounced as a softer "m." One should pronounce the word properly, with a "Dagesh" in the Mem, because the word "Arumim" with a soft Mem, without a "Dagesh," means "clever people." It would thus sound as though G-d provides clothing only to the wise, which is, of course, not true. We want to emphasize that Hashem provides clothing to all His creatures, and so we must ensure to recite the word "Arumim" correctly. In several sources, the text of this Beracha is "Malbish Ha'arumim" (as opposed to "Malbish Arumim," without "Ha-"). This is the text found in Sha'ar Ha'kavanot (by Rav Haim Vital, 1542-1620), and this was the view also of Rav Haim Palachi (Turkey, 1788-1868). The Sedeh Hemed (Rav Haim Hizkiya Medini, 1834-1904) writes that he taught his students to recite this text. The reason given is that if one recites, "Baruch Ata…Melech Ha'olam Malbish Arumim," he might pronounce the words "Ha'olam" and "Malbish" as one long word. Since the word "Ha'olam" ends with a Mem, and the word "Malbish" begins with a Mem, a separation must be made to avoid combining them into a single long word that has no meaning. This problem is avoided by adding the prefix "Ha-" before "Malbish." (Some also suggest proving this text from a phrase in the Book of Shmuel II 1:24.) Nevertheless, the common custom is to recite "Malbish," and not "Ha'malbish," and this is the text that appears in the ancient Siddur of Rav Amram Gaon (Babylonia, 810-875). Another Beracha which we recite each morning is "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah," thanking Hashem for "giving strength to the weary." G-d created our bodies with the ability to rejuvenate itself through sleep, such that we can regain our strength and energy, and so we thank Him each morning for granting us the physical strength we need to function. Interestingly enough, this Beracha appears nowhere in the Gemara. When the Gemara lists the blessings that one should make in the morning, it makes no mention of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah." Therefore, the Shulhan Aruch (Orah Haim 46) writes that the custom to recite this Beracha is incorrect, as we do not have the authority to introduce new Berachot that the Sages in the Talmud did not institute. This Beracha does not appear in Rav Amram Gaon's Siddur, either. The question thus arises as to why the widespread practice is to recite this Beracha, which does not appear anywhere in the Talmud, and which the Shulhan Aruch thus opposed. The Hida (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) writes that although the Shulhan Aruch opposed reciting this Beracha, the Arizal maintained that this Beracha should be said. In the view of the Hida, the teachings of the Arizal are authoritative and binding, even when they conflict with the rulings of the Shulhan Aruch. The Hida even speculates that if the Shulhan Aruch had been aware of the Arizal's teaching, requiring the recitation of this Beracha, he would have concurred. This is the position taken also by the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) – that we must always follow the Arizal's opinions, regardless of which and how many Rabbis rule differently. Hacham Ovadia Yosef does not accept this approach. In his view, the Arizal's opinions are not necessarily more authoritative than those of other Poskim. And in the case of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah," Hacham Ovadia notes, the Ashkenazim also recite this Beracha, even though they do not always follow the Arizal's teachings. Hacham Ovadia therefore gives a different explanation for the widespread practice to recite this Beracha. He shows that this Beracha appears in early sources – such as in Mahzor Vitri, and in the writings of Rav David Abudarham (Spain, 14 th century), and the Tur (Rabbenu Yaakob Ben Asher, 1270-1340) – indicating that this practice earned widespread acceptance well before the Shulhan Aruch. And when there is an accepted Minhag (custom), Hacham Ovadia writes, we follow the custom even if it runs counter to the ruling of the Shulhan Aruch. Rav Haim Vital cites the Arizal as explaining the deeper meaning underlying the two Berachot we have been discussing – "Malbish Arumim" and "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah." The Arizal taught that our sins have the effect of removing, or tearing, the "garments" that cover our souls. The missing garment, or the missing portion of the garment, is replaced by the "Kelipot" – harmful spiritual energies. A relatively minor sin wears out this "garment," whereas a grievous sin causes the garment to be removed entirely. When a person goes to sleep at night, his soul ascends to the heavens, where Hashem, in His infinite mercy and kindness, "repairs" the damaged "garment" for us, so we will not be subject to the harmful effects of the "Kelipot." When our souls are restored in the morning, they are newly clean and pristine. The Arizal taught that the two Berachot of "Malbish Arumim" and "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" thank Hashem for this precious gift. The Beracha of "Malbish Arumim" refers to the new "garments" that Hashem grants to those who had committed severe sins which caused the complete loss of their soul's "garment." The Beracha of "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" speaks of the "weary" souls, those which had been tainted by minor transgressions, and whose garments thus needed "mending." These two blessings, then, thank Hashem for His mercifully cleansing and repairing our souls each and every night. In light of this teaching of the Arizal, some have suggested that we should reverse the order, and recite "Ha'noten La'ya'ef Koah" before "Malbish Arumim." After all, once we thank Hashem for replacing a lost "garment," this encompasses also His repairing the damaged "garments." Common practice, however, is to first recite "Malbish Arumim." These Berachot thank Hashem not for our personal experience of these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the fact that Hashem has made them part of the natural order. As such, the sequence of these blessings is not important, as both the replacement of lost spiritual "garments" and the repair of the damaged "garments" occur regularly, warranting our expression of praise and gratitude to the Almighty.

The Beracha of "Matir Asurim," which we recite each morning, praises G-d for the ability He grants us to move our body. While we sleep, our body remains "trapped" in place, without moving. Although we might move a little during the night, these motions are involuntary. In the morning, we have the ability to voluntarily move our limbs, and it is for this gift that we recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," which literally means, "He who releases those who are bound." Upon waking in the morning, we are "freed" from our "shackles" and able to move our body. The next Beracha we recite is "Zokef Kefufim," praising Hashem for allowing us to stand upright. The term "Kefufim" means "those who are bent," and "Zokef" means "make upright." Hashem gives us the ability each morning to not only move our arms and legs, but also to get out of bed and stand up straight. A person who is sick and bedridden, unable to stand up, nevertheless recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim." This is because common custom follows the view of Rav Natrunai Gaon (9 th century) that the morning blessings are recited to praise Hashem not for personally experiencing these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves. Thus, for example, we recite the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" – thanking Hashem for granting the rooster the wisdom to crow at daybreak – even though we do not hear the rooster's crow. These Berachot refer to "Minhago Shel Olam" – the features that G-d built into the natural order from which mankind in general derives benefit, and not to thank Him for the benefit that we personally experience. Therefore, even if someone is unable to get out of bed due to illness, he recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim," thanking Hashem for granting people the ability to stand up straight. At first glance, it would follow from this line of reasoning that even somebody who is, G-d forbid, permanently paralyzed should recite this Beracha. In truth, however, this is not clear. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in discussing the question of whether a blind person recites the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim," which thanks Hashem for the gift of sight, raises the possibility that even according to our practice, a blind person might not recite this blessing. Perhaps, the Hacham writes, we recite "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" because although we do not actually hear the rooster's crow, we have the ability to do so. A blind person, however, is not able to see, and one could thus argue that he cannot recite the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim," which speaks of a phenomenon which he is incapable of experiencing. Due to this uncertainty, Hacham Ovadia concludes that a blind person should not recite "Poke'ah Ivrim." Seemingly, this same rationale should apply to the question of a person with paralysis reciting the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim." There is no record of Hacham Ovadia's ruling on this subject, and so it remains uncertain whether such an individual recites this Beracha. (Of course, we hope and pray that this question will always remain theoretical.) The Poskim address the question of whether these two Berachot – "Matir Asurim" and "Zokef Kefufim" – can be recited out of order. Meaning, if a person mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before having recited "Matir Asurim," may he then recite "Matir Asurim"? (These questions often arise when people recite the morning blessings mindlessly, by rote, without proper concentration, and without looking in a Siddur. Particularly in the morning, when people tend to be less focused and attentive, it is crucial to recite these Berachot patiently and from a Siddur to avoid mistakes.) Rav Amram Gaon (810-875) ruled that once a person recites "Zokef Kefufim," thanking Hashem for the ability to stand upright, it is too late to recite "Matir Asurim," which thanks Hashem for the ability to move one's limbs. The ability to move one's arms and legs is, quite obviously, included in the ability to get out of bed and stand up straight. Hence, when one recites "Zokef Kefufim," this Beracha covers also the ability referred to in the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," and it is therefore too late to recite "Matir Asurim." The Bah (Rav Yoel Sirkis, Poland, 1561-1640), however, disagreed, and maintained that these two Berachot may be recited out of order. In his view, then, one who mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before "Matir Asurim" still recites "Matir Asurim." The Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) initially followed the position of Rav Amram Gaon, ruling that the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" cannot be recited after "Zokef Kefufim." However, in a later work – Od Yosef Hai – the Ben Ish Hai retracted this ruling, and concluded that one may, in fact, recite "Matir Asurim" after "Zokef Kefufim." He presents three reasons for this ruling. First, as mentioned earlier, we recite these Berachot to thank Hashem not for our personal benefit from the phenomena they mention, but rather for "Minhago Shel Olam" – for His making these phenomena part of the natural order, which help mankind generally. Therefore, the fact that one moves his arms and legs before getting out of bed has no bearing whatsoever on the required sequence of the Berachot that thank Hashem for these capabilities. Secondly, the Ben Ish Hai noted the teaching of the Arizal that these blessings encompass profound Kabbalistic concepts, beyond their straightforward, literal meaning, and these are relevant to all people, regardless of how and when they experience the phenomena mentioned in the text of the Berachot. Therefore, the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" retains its value and relevance even after one has recited "Zokef Kefufim." The Ben Ish Hai's third argument is the simple fact that the Sages instituted two separate blessings – one for the ability to move our limbs, and a second blessing for the ability to stand up straight. If the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" were subsumed under the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim," then there would be no reason for the Rabbis to institute two separate blessings; it would have sufficed to simply recite "Zokef Kefufim," which includes both our ability to move our limbs and our ability to stand up straight. An analogy might be reciting "She'hakol" over the cheese before reciting "Ha'mosi" over the cheese sandwich. Since "Ha'mosi" covers the entire sandwich, there is clearly no reason to first recite a Beracha over the cheese by itself. Similarly, there would be no value in reciting "Matir Asurim" before "Zokef Kefufim" if the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim" covers the ability to move one's limbs. Evidently, the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" must have significance that extends beyond that which is covered by "Zokef Kefufim," and so even if one first recited "Zokef Kefufim," he then recites "Matir Asurim." Hacham Ovadia Yosef, in Halichot Olam, refutes these three arguments advanced by the Ben Ish Hai. He makes the interesting observation that Rav Amram Gaon, who ruled that one cannot recite "Matir Asurim" after "Zokef Kefufim," was a disciple of Rav Natrunai Gaon – who, as mentioned, maintained that the morning blessings praise Hashem for these phenomena, and not for one's personally benefitting from them. This shows that Rav Amram's ruling does not hinge upon the issue of how one understands the nature and purpose of Birkot Ha'shahar, that even if they praise Hashem for "Minhago Shel Olam," the sequence of "Matir Asurim" and "Zokef Kefufim" must nevertheless be followed. As for the Ben Ish Hai's proof from the very fact that two separate Berachot were instituted, Hacham Ovadia counters that we cannot know the reasons why the Sages chose to institute the various blessings, and so this does not provide any proof. Given the uncertainty surrounding this issue, Hacham Ovadia writes, one who mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before "Matir Asurim" does not then recite "Matir Asurim," in light of the rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – we do not recite a Beracha when it is questionable whether it is required. A person in this situation should preferably find somebody who had yet to recite Birkot Ha'shahar and listen to his recitation of the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," so he can satisfy the view that he must still recite the Beracha, without running the risk of reciting a Beracha in vain. If this is not possible, then he should recite "Baruch Ata," think silently in his mind the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," and then conclude "Matir Asurim." If a person recited "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of concluding "Zokef Kefufim," and at that moment he realized he had not yet recited "Matir Asurim," he should conclude with "Zokef Kefufim" as he had intended. Although he will then be unable to recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim," as discussed, nevertheless, this is preferable to concluding with "Matir Asurim" after having recited the first part of the Beracha with the intention of concluding "Zokef Kefufim." This is the ruling of Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998). He explains that according to the Rambam, the critical component of the recitation of a Beracha is the intention one has while reciting "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." In the Rambam's view, once a person recited these words with the intention of conclude "Zokef Kefufim," he will be credited with the recitation of this Beracha even if he then recites "Matir Asurim." It is therefore preferable to conclude, "Zokef Kefufim" even though he will then be unable to recite "Matir Asurim." Summary: A person who is ill and bedridden in the morning recites the Beracha of "Zokef Kefufim" even though this blessing speaks of the ability to stand up straight. It is uncertain whether this applies also to somebody who is paralyzed, Heaven forbid. If a person mistakenly recited "Zokef Kefufim" before reciting "Matir Asurim," he should not then recite "Matir Asurim." Preferably, he should find somebody who had yet to recite Birkot Ha'shahar and listen to his recitation of the Beracha of "Matir Asurim." If this is not possible, he should recite "Baruch Ata," think silently in his mind the words "Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," and then conclude "Matir Asurim." A person who recited "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of reciting "Zokef Kefufim," and then realized he did not recite "Matir Asurim," should conclude "Zokef Kefufim," and should not switch to "Matir Asurim."

The Rambam has a surprising ruling regarding the case of a person who recited a different Beracha than the Beracha he had intended to recite. One example is a person who is reciting Birkot Ha'shahar (the morning blessings), and while reciting the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim" – fully intending to recite this Beracha – he mindlessly completed the Beracha with the words "Matir Asurim," instead of "Poke'ah Ivrim." The Rambam rules that the person has fulfilled the requirement to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim," despite the fact that he recited the wrong words. Hacham Bension Abba Shaul (Jerusalem, 1924-1998) explains that according to the Rambam, the critical component of a Beracha is the recitation of the words "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" with the intention of completing the Beracha. Of course, we are supposed to complete the Beracha properly, verbally expressing our intentions. But if a person mistakenly failed to do so, then although he ended up reciting the wrong Beracha, he is credited with the recitation of the Beracha that he had intended to recite. Others, however, disagree with the Rambam, dismissing this novel theory, and insisting that a person cannot be credited with the recitation of a Beracha unless he indeed recited it properly. The Shulhan Aruch brings both opinions. Hacham Bension ruled that given the different opinions on this matter, a person who intended to recite one Beracha but instead recited a different Beracha which he was required to recite is credited with the recitation of both Berachot. In the case described above, then, the individual is considered to have fulfilled both the requirement of "Poke'ah Ivrim" and the requirement of "Matir Asurim." It should be noted, however, that if the person realized his mistake immediately after reciting the wrong text, within a couple of seconds, then he should right away correct his mistake. He will then be credited with reciting only the Beracha he had intended to recite, as he immediately corrected his mistake and recited the Beracha he had intended to recite. Summary: If a person intended to recite a certain Beracha that he was required to recite, but he mindlessly recited a different Beracha which he was required to recite, then he is credited with the recitation of both Berachot. For example, if a person intended to recite the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim" in the morning, but mistakenly concluded the Beracha with the words "Matir Asurim," he is considered to have recited both Berachot. However, if he realizes he mistake within a couple of seconds after reciting the Beracha, he should immediately correct himself, and will then be credited with reciting only the Beracha he had intended to recite.

One of the blessings we recite each morning is "Poke'ah Ivrim," praising Hashem for "opening the eyes of the blind." The idea underlying this Beracha is that we must never take for granted the ability we have each morning to open our eyes and see. The eye is an especially fragile organ, and even the slightest disorder can cause it to malfunction and deny us the ability to see, Heaven forbid. Vision is a precious gift which we must appreciate anew each and every day, and so our Sages instituted the recitation of a special Beracha to thank Hashem for granting us the ability to see. Unfortunately, however, not everyone is able to see, and some people are blind. The Magen Abraham (Rav Abraham Gombiner, Poland, 1635-1682) ruled that since a blind person cannot see, he does not recite the Beracha, as he is unable to thank Hashem for "opening his eyes" and granting him the gift of vision. At first glance, this Halacha depends on a fundamental question regarding the nature of the Birkot Ha'shahar obligation. The Rambam maintained that one recites each of the Birkot Ha'shahar only upon benefitting from the phenomenon referred to in that Beracha. Meaning, upon hearing the rooster's crow, one recites, "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina"; upon opening one's eyes, one recites, "Poke'ah Ivrim"; upon getting out of bed, one recites, "Matir Asurim," and so on. If one does not experience one of these phenomena, then, according to the Rambam, he does not recite the corresponding Beracha. The Magen Abraham's ruling appears to follow this perspective, that one who does benefit from the phenomenon mentioned by one of the morning blessings does not recite that blessing. Hence, a blind person does not recite "Poke'ah Ivrim." Others, however, disagreed, and understood that we recite these Berachot to praise Hashem not for the benefit we personally receive from these phenomena, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the very fact that He made them part of the natural order. Additionally, the Arizal explained these Berachot as having deep mystical meanings, which are relevant to everyone, irrespective of whether or not one experiences the phenomena mentioned in these blessings. According to this perspective, it would seem that a blind person should, in fact, recite Birkot Ha'shahar. Indeed, the Ben Ish Hai (Rav Yosef Haim of Baghdad, 1833-1909) brings the Arizal's teaching and concludes on this basis that even a blind person recites the Beracha of "Poke'ah Ivrim." Moreover, the Peri Hadash (Rav Hizkiya Da Silva, 1659-1698) writes that a blind person should recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" because although he himself cannot see, he benefits from the vision of others. People are able to help him – bringing him where he needs to go, and bringing him what he needs – because of their gift of vision, and so he must praise Hashem for this gift. This line of reasoning led Rav Moshe Zakut, cited by the Hid"a (Rav Haim Yosef David Azulai, 1724-1806) in Shiyureh Beracha, to conclude that even the Rambam would require a blind person to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" each morning, as he indeed directly benefits from the precious gift of vision. One may, however, question this assertion in light of the fact that the Rambam's son, Rabbenu Abraham ben Ha'Rambam (1186-1237), in one of his responsa, sharply criticizes a certain congregation that hired a blind Hazan, who recited aloud the morning blessings, including "Poke'ah Ivrim." Rabbenu Abraham presumably followed his father's rulings, and his objection thus indicates that in the Rambam's view, a blind person does not recite this Beracha. Another argument for allowing a blind person to recite "Poke'ah Ivrim" is advanced by the Shalmeh Sibur, who asserts that the blessing of "Poke'ah Ivrim" does not actually refer to the ability to see. After all, even while we sleep, we are able to see; our eyes are closed, but not dysfunctional. Therefore, it cannot be said that our vision is restored in the morning, warranting a Beracha over our regaining the ability to see. The Shalmeh Sibur thus explains this blessing differently, as referring to our ability to notice things, to live with an awareness of what's happening around us, a quality metaphorically described as the opening of our eyes. (Clearly, however, this is not the commonly accepted understanding of the blessing.) As for the final Halacha, we might have assumed that since we recite the morning blessings together, and not when we benefit from each phenomenon, we follow the view that these blessings praise Hashem for the phenomena in general, and for our personal benefit. Moreover, we recite the Beracha of "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" even though we do not hear the rooster's crow. Although the Shulhan Aruch accepts the aforementioned ruling of the Rambam, that one should recite each Beracha as he experiences the phenomenon it speaks of, the common custom is to recite them all even if, for whatever reason, we do not experience one of the blessings. Seemingly, then, it should follow that a blind person recites "Poke'ah Ivrim" even though he cannot see. However, Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that the case of a blind person differs in that the individual is not capable of enjoying the gift of sight. It is possible that we recite even the blessings over phenomena which we do not personally experience only because we are potentially able to enjoy these features which Hashem built into the natural world. Hence, this does not prove that a blind person – who has no possibility of enjoying the gift of sight – recites "Poke'ah Ivrim." In light of the different opinions, Hacham Ovadia rules that it is preferable for a blind person not to recite this Beracha, following the general rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – that we do not recite a Beracha when it is uncertain if it is warranted. However, Hacham Ovadia writes, if a blind person recites the Beracha, he does not have to be told not to.

One of the Birkot Ha'shahar is "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla." The common translation of this blessing is, "…who gives the rooster the understanding to distinguish between day and night." According to this understanding, this Beracha praises G-d for granting the rooster the wondrous ability to know that dawn has occurred, when the first rays of light appear on the eastern sky. The moment of dawn is not readily discernible to the naked eye (as opposed to the sunrise, which is clearly seen), and yet the rooster has the ability to know when this occurs, and to crow to wake people up. Others, however, interpret the word "Sechvi" to mean "heart." According to this understanding, the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" thanks Hashem for giving us human beings the wisdom of distinction, to differentiate between day and night, between right and wrong, and between truth and falsehood. The Arizal advanced a deeper understanding of this Beracha, according to the teachings of Kabbalah. He said that at night, when dark falls, strict judgment descends into the world, which poses danger. For this reason, the Kabbalists in earlier generations would go to sleep right at nightfall. At Hasot (Halachic midnight), the Arizal taught, the judgments become "sweetened," and are less strict. This process unfolds gradually until morning, when the attribute of Hesed, divine kindness, prevails. Therefore, the righteous Kabbalists would arise at midnight and pray until the morning. The Arizal explained on this basis why we find two Hebrew words for nighttime – "Layil" and "Layla." The difference between them is the letter Heh, which is added to the word "Layil" to form "Layla." In Kabbalah, the letter Heh signifies a sphere called "Bina" (literally, "understanding"), which is also called "Ima" – "mother." A mother, even when she needs to deal strictly with her children to educate them, always feels a significant measure of love and compassion toward them. The term "Layla," then, which ends with the letter Heh, refers to the second half of the night, when the strict judgments are mitigated by love and kindness. The word "Layil" refers to the first part of the night, when the judgments are as yet unmitigated. The Arizal explained that in the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina," we refer to the angel Gabriel, whose name signifies the attribute of "Gebura" (literally, "power"), which is associated with strict judgment. Starting at Hasot, Hashem lends Gabriel the quality of "Bina," sweetening the judgments until morning. (Needless to say, these are very deep concepts which lie beyond our comprehension and require further study.) Ashkenazim recite a slightly different text of this Beracha – "Asher Natan La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla," based on a verse in the Book of Iyob ("O Mi Natan La'sechvi Bina" – 38:36). This version is formulated in past tense, praising G-d "who has granted" this wisdom. Sephardic tradition, however, teaches that this Beracha, like all the morning blessings, should be recited in the present tense. The Aruch Ha'shulhan (Rav Yehiel Michel Epstein of Nevardok, 1829-1908) explains that Birkot Ha'shahar are formulated in the present tense because Hashem creates the world anew at every moment, and thus all the phenomena for which we praise Him in these Berachot are occurring right now, at this very moment. As we say in the morning prayer service, in the first Beracha before Shema, "Ha'mehadesh Be'tubo Be'chol Yom Tamid Ma'aseh Bereshit" – Hashem constantly renews the act of creation, each and every day. A human being who creates – such as a carpenter, who produces a piece of furniture – makes his creation and then leaves it and completely disengages. Hashem, however, did not create the world just once – He is constantly creating it anew. Thus, we thank Hashem who is granting us the ability to see at this moment, who is giving us clothing to wear at this moment, who is giving us the ability to stand up straight at this moment, and so on. This fundamental concept has crucially important ramifications for our Emuna (faith), our belief that situations can change. No matter what we're going through, whatever problem or crisis we're facing, we need to believe that the current moment is not connected to the previous moment, and the next moment in the future has no connection to the current moment. Hashem is constantly creating anew, and so at any moment in time He can create an entirely new reality. A deaf person recites this Beracha, even though he cannot hear the rooster's crow in the morning, for several reasons. Firstly, as discussed, this Beracha has a number of different meanings, and does not necessarily refer only to the crowing of the rooster. Additionally, Halacha follows the opinion that Birkot Ha'shahar are recited to thank Hashem not for one's having personally experienced the phenomena mentioned in these blessings, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the very fact that Hashem has made them part of the natural order. Hence, even if a person does not personally benefit from the crowing of the rooster, he is required to praise Hashem for making this happen each morning.

It is well known that if a person begins reciting a Beracha that is not required, and he realizes his mistake after reciting the words "Baruch Ata Hashem," he has the possibility of avoiding an accidental utterance of Hashem's Name in vain. He can do this by immediately reciting the words "Lamedeni Hukecha," which has the effect of turning his words into a Biblical verse. The phrase "Baruch Ata Hashem Lamedeni Hukecha" is a verse in Tehillim (119:12), and so by adding the words "Lamedeni Hukecha," one transforms his recitation of "Baruch Ata Hashem" into the first words of a verse, such that he is not considered to have recited Hashem's Name in vain. One common case is when a person recites a Beracha over food during a meal, forgetting that he had recited "Ha'mosi" over bread and thus does not need to recite a Beracha over the various foods eaten during the meal. If he began reciting a Beracha, and after saying "Baruch Ata Hashem" he realized his mistake, he should quickly add the words "Lamedeni Hukecha." Less known, however, is the option that one has even if he realized his mistake later, after he already recited the words "Elokenu Melech Ha'olam." At this point, of course, it is too late to turn his mistakenly-recited words into a verse from the Tanach. What he can do, however, is to recite a Beracha which, although we do not customarily recite, some Rishonim (early Medieval scholars) had the practice of reciting. The Bet Yosef brings that some earlier Rabbis would include in the Birkot Ha'shahar (morning blessings) a number of Berachot which do not appear in other sources. For example, some recited a Beracha "Baruch Ata Hashem…Magbi'ah Shefalim," praising Hashem for raising the downtrodden. Another Beracha that some Rabbis recited was "Baruch Ata Hashem…Somech Nofelim," praising Hashem for supporting those who are falling. The Bet Yosef disapproves of this practice, despite the fact that these Berachot were included in several editions of the Siddur in Spain. He notes that these Berachot are mentioned nowhere in the Talmud, and we do not have the authority to introduce our own Berachot. However, the Mishmeret Shalom writes that the fact that some early Rabbis advocated for the recitation of these Berachot allows a person the opportunity to avoid a mistaken recitation of Hashem's Name in vain if he had begun reciting an unwarranted Beracha. If a person realized after reciting the words "Baruch Ata Hashem Elokenu Melech Ha'olam" that his Beracha is not needed, he should immediately recite the words "Magbi'ah Shefalim" or "Somech Nofelim." This way, at least according to some Rabbis, he had recited a legitimate Beracha, and has not recited G-d's Name in vain. Summary: If a person began reciting a Beracha, and after saying the words "Baruch Ata Hashem" he realizes that the Beracha is not warranted, he should immediately say "Lamedeni Hukecha," so he will be considered to have recited a verse, instead of having recited G-d's Name in vain. If he realized his mistake only after he said "…Elokenu Melech Ha'olam," he should immediately add the words "Magbi'ah Shefalim" or "Somech Nofelim," as these are Berachot which some Rabbis had the practice of reciting each day. Although we do not follow this custom, it is preferable to add these words in this case so that at least according to these Rabbis, the person has recited a legitimate Beracha and has not recited G-d's Name in vain.

If a person realized during Shaharit that he had not recited Birkot Ha'shahar earlier, should he recite them now, upon remembering, or should he wait until after Shaharit? Fundamentally, of course, this fellow should first complete the Tefila and then recite the Berachot that he had forgotten, but a problem arises with regard to the Beracha of "Elokai Neshama." A person who, for whatever reason, did not recite "Elokai Neshama" before Shaharit cannot recite it after Shaharit, because, according to some opinions, this requirement is fulfilled through the recitation of the second Beracha of the Amida, which concludes, "Mehayeh Ha'metim," which resembles the theme of "Elokai Neshama." Thus, the question becomes whether it is preferable to interrupt one's prayer before the Amida to recite "Elokai Neshama," as he would otherwise forfeit the opportunity to recite this Beracha, or to simply continue his prayers as usual, and not recite "Elokai Neshama" that day. Hacham Ovadia ruled that if the person realizes his mistake during the recitation of Pesukeh De'zimra, then he should recite "Elokai Neshama" after Pesukeh De'zimra – in between "Yishtabah" and "Yoser Or." At this point, it is permissible to make a necessary interruption, and so the Beracha should be recited then. If, however, one realizes his mistake after he began "Yoser Or," then he should recite "Elokai Neshama" in between Berachot, or in between the paragraphs of Shema. For example, he can recite it in between the Beracha of "Yoser Ha'me'orot" and "Ahabat Olam," or in between "Al Mezuzot Al Betecha U'bi'sh'arecha" and "Ve'haya Im Shamoa." The other Birkot Ha'shahar can be recited after the Amida. If, G-d forbid, a person loses an immediate family member, he is exempt from all Misvot until after the burial. This includes all Berachot and prayers. In a case where the family member passed away at night, and the burial did not take place until the middle of the next day, the mourner must recite Birkot Ha'shahar after the funeral. In the morning, of course, he does not recite these Berachot, because he in a state of Aninut (a mourner before the burial), which exempts him from all Berachot, but since Birkot Ha'shahar may be recited throughout the day, until sundown, he must recite them after the burial, when he once again becomes obligated in Misvot. Summary: If a person realizes during Shaharit that he had not recited Birkot Ha'shahar, then he should recite them after Shaharit – except "Elokai Neshama," which should be recited before the Amida. If he realizes his mistake during Pesukeh De'zimra, he should recite "Elokai Neshama" in between "Yishtabah" and "Yoser Or." If he realizes after he began "Yoser Or," then he should recite "Elokai Neshama" in between the Berachot or in between the paragraphs of Shema. If, Heaven forbid, a person lost an immediate family member during the night, and the burial takes the place the next day, he does not pray or recite Berachot until after the burial, at which point he should recite Birkot Ha'shahar.

As a general rule, it is preferable for a person to recite all the Birkot Ha'shahar at home, before coming to the synagogue. It sometimes happens that a person, for whatever reason, was unable to recite the blessings at home, and he arrives in the synagogue late, after the Tefila had begun, and if he now recites Birkot Ha'shahar properly, he will be unable to recite Shema and the Amida with the congregation. In such a case, should he proceed directly to "Baruch She'amar" so he can catch up to the congregation, and then recite Birkot Ha'shahar later? Or is it preferable for him to follow the normal sequence, first reciting Birkot Ha'shahar, even at the expense of Tefila Be'sibur (praying together with the congregation)? Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Jerusalem, 1910-1995) ruled that one must recite the service in its proper sequence. Although there are those who permitted reciting Birkot Ha'shahar after praying Shaharit, Rav Shlomo Zalman disagreed with this ruling. He thus maintained that even if one will miss the opportunity to recite the Amida together with the congregation, he must recite Birkot Ha'shahar before proceeding to Pesukeh De'zimra and the rest of Shaharit. Hacham Ovadia Yosef, however, rules differently, maintaining that one should, in fact, skip Birkot Ha'shahar so he can pray Shaharit with the congregation. Of course, one must first recite "Modeh Ani" – which should be recited immediately upon waking in the morning – as well as the Beracha over hand-washing, which should also be performed as soon as possible after waking up. Additionally, one should recite "Asher Yasar" right after using the restroom, and "Elokai Neshama" should preferably be recited immediately after "Asher Yasar." These blessings, then, should clearly be recited before Shaharit. The other Berachot, however, may be delayed until after Shaharit in the interest of Tefila Be'sibur. It goes without saying that one should do what he can to avoid this situation, and recite all the morning blessings at home, with Kavana (concentration), and arrive at the synagogue on time. If somebody skipped Birkot Ha'shahar so he could pray Shaharit with the congregation, he recites all the Berachot after Shaharit, with two exceptions. He does not recite Birkat Ha'Torah (the blessing over Torah learning), because this requirement is fulfilled through the recitation of "Ahabat Olam" before Shema. The Beracha of "Ahabat Olam" speaks about Torah learning, praying to Hashem for assistance in our understanding and observance of Torah, and thanking Him for choosing us and giving us the Torah. As such, it covers the obligation of reciting Birkat Ha'Torah. The second exception is the Beracha of "Elokai Neshama." As mentioned earlier, even if one skips Birkot Ha'shahar so he can pray with the congregation, he should still preferably recite "Elokai Neshama" immediately following "Asher Yasar" after using the restroom. If, however, one did not recite "Elokai Neshama" before Shaharit, he does not recite it afterward. The reason is that according to some Poskim, this requirement is fulfilled through the recitation of the second Beracha in the Amida, which concludes "Mehayeh Ha'metim" – "who resurrects the dead." The Beracha of "Elokai Neshama" thanks Hashem for "resurrecting" us each morning by restoring our souls – as sleep is considered a form of partial "death" – and so some Poskim ruled that this requirement is covered by the Beracha of "Mehayeh Ha'metim." Others disagreed, noting that this Beracha in the Amida refers only to the resurrection of the dead that will occur in the future, and not to the daily "resurrection" of waking up in the morning, and thus, in the view of these Poskim, one who did not recite "Elokai Neshama" before Shaharit should recite it afterward. Hacham Ovadia applied to this case the rule of "Safek Berachot Le'hakel" – that we do not recite a Beracha if its obligation is uncertain, and therefore one should not recite "Elokai Neshama" after Shaharit in such a case. There is a minority view among the Poskim (the view of the Aruch Ha'shulhan) that a person who did not recite Birkot Ha'shahar before Shaharit does not then recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" ("who releases those who are bound," thanking Hashem for enabling us to get out of bed). We mention Hashem's quality of "Matir Asurim" in the second blessing of the Amida – the Beracha that concludes, "Mehayeh Ha'metim" – and so, according to this opinion, the requirement to recite the Beracha of "Matir Asurim" is fulfilled through the recitation of the Amida. However, Hacham Ovadia dismissed this opinion, arguing that although "Matir Asurim" is mentioned in this second Beracha of the Amida, this Beracha concludes with only "Mehayeh Ha'metim." In Hacham Ovadia's view, the conclusion of the blessing is the determining factor, and thus although this Beracha might fulfill the obligation of "Elokai Neshama," because it concludes with the theme of resurrection, it does not suffice to fulfill the obligation of "Matir Asurim," as these words do not appear in the Beracha's conclusion. There is also an opinion that if a person, for whatever reason, did not recite "Asher Yasar" after using the restroom, and then recited Shaharit, he may not then recite "Asher Yasar." Even if the maximum time-frame for the recitation of this Beracha (72 minutes after performing one's bodily functions) had not yet passed, the person does not, according to this view, recite "Asher Yasar," as he fulfilled this requirement through the recitation of "Refa'enu" in the Amida. The Beracha of "Asher Yasar" speaks about the wonders of the human body, praising Hashem for "healing every flesh and performing wonders" ("Rofeh Chol Basar U'mafli La'asot"), and so this requirement is fulfilled through the recitation of "Refa'enu," in which we pray to Hashem to cure the ill. Hacham Ovadia disagreed with this position, noting that whereas "Asher Yasar" praises Hashem for the wonderous functioning of the human body, the Beracha of "Refa'enu" prays to Hashem to heal those who are ill. These are two completely different Berachot, and so one does not fulfill the obligation of "Asher Yasar" through the recitation of "Refa'enu." Summary: Ideally, one should recite Birkot Ha'shahar at home and arrive on time to Shaharit. If, however, a person arrived late to the synagogue, without having recited Birkot Ha'shahar, and reciting them will cause him to miss praying the Amida with the congregation, then he should skip Birkot Ha'shahar and proceed directly to Shaharit so he can catch up. He should, however, first recite the Beracha over the morning hand-washing, as well as "Asher Yasar" after using the restroom, and "Elokai Neshama," which should preferably be recited immediately after "Asher Yasar." After Shaharit, he recites all Birkot Ha'shahar except Birkat Ha'Torah. If, for whatever reason, one had not recited "Elokai Neshama" before Shaharit, he does not recite it after Shaharit.