An extensive overview of local anesthesia in dentistry, detailing the pharmacology of various anesthetic agents like lidocaine, mepivacaine, and articaine, including their dosages, duration, and effects when combined with vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine. It also covers the armamentarium used for injections, discussing syringes, cartridges, and needle gauges, and introduces modern delivery systems like Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery (C-CLAD). Significant attention is given to patient evaluation through medical history and physical status classification, as well as the techniques for administering local anesthetics for both maxillary and mandibular procedures, including various nerve blocks. Finally, the text addresses potential complications like needle breakage, paresthesia, overdose, and allergic reactions, offering guidance on their prevention and management, while also touching on legal considerations and future trends in pain control.
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