A comprehensive overview of the dental specialty concerned with the pulp and periapical tissues. The text covers the brief history of endodontics, tracing developments from the 17th century through the discovery of X-rays and early techniques, alongside a detailed explanation of tooth embryology and the formation of dentin and enamel. Significant portions are devoted to the diagnosis and classification of pulpal and periapical diseases, including pulpitis, necrosis, granulomas, cysts, and the cracked tooth syndrome, detailing symptoms, testing methods like electric and thermal tests, and emergency treatments. Finally, the material dedicates substantial space to essential clinical practices, such as radiography principles and techniques, digital imaging systems, anesthesia techniques including supplemental methods for achieving profound pulp anesthesia, rubber dam isolation, and the critical steps for preparing an adequate endodontic access cavity.
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