Distillations | Science History Institute

"We should never, ever forget that addiction treatment is a search for meaning in a place other than using drugs."

—Nancy Campbell, historian of drug addiction

(This is the third and final chapter of a three-part series. See Part 1 and Part 2.)

In the final chapter of this series we travel to the heart of our modern opioid crisis. In what is now a notorious Philadelphia neighborhood called Kensington, we meet two victims of the epidemic and follow them on two distinct paths toward recovery.

Our current devastating opioid crisis is unprecedented in its reach and deadliness, but it's not the first such epidemic the United States has experienced or tried to treat. In fact, it's the third.

Treating America's Opioid Addiction is a three-part series that investigates how we've understood and treated opioid addiction over more than a century. Through the years we've categorized opioid addiction as some combination of a moral failure, a mental illness, a biological disease, or a crime. And though we've desperately wanted the problem to be something science alone can solve, the more we look, the more complicated we learn it is.

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Reporters: Mariel Carr and Rigoberto Hernandez, with additional reporting by Meir Rinde Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison Photo illustration by Jay Muhlin Additional audio production by Dan Drago

Music courtesy of the Audio Network.

Interviews:

Claire Clark, author of The Recovery Revolution: The Battle over Addiction Treatment in the United States. Nancy Campbell, historian and director of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Chris Marshall, former member and director of the Last Stop. Miranda Thomas, Kensington resident. Joseph Garbely, vice president of medical services and medical director of the Caron Treatment Centers. Lara Weinstein, primary care physician, Project HOME and Pathways to Housing PA Special thanks to Jennifer Reardon of Temple Health Communications and to Joseph D'Orazio and David O'Gurek.

Sources:

American Addiction Centers. "Can Suboxone Get You High?" Brentwood, TN: American Addiction Centers, 2018. American Addiction Centers. "Pros and Cons of Methadone." Brentwood, TN: American Addiction Centers, 2018. Campbell, Nancy, and Anne Lovell. "The History of the Development of Buprenorphine as an Addiction Therapeutic." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1248 (Feb. 2012): 124–39. Clark, Claire. The Recovery Revolution: The Battle over Addiction Treatment in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Giordano, Rita. "Opioid Addiction Treatment with Medicine Works Best. Why Don't More Young People Get It?" Philadelphia Inquirer, April 10, 2018. Oransky, Ivan. "Vincent Dole" [obituary]. Lancet 368 (Sept. 16, 2006): 984. Rockefeller University. "The First Pharmacological Treatment for Narcotic Addiction: Methadone Maintenance." Rockefeller University Hospital: 100 Years of Bridging Science and Medicine website. New York, 2010. Shuster, Alvin M. "G.I. Heroin Addiction Epidemic in Vietnam." New York Times, May 16, 1971. Thompson-Gargano, Kathleen. "What Is Buprenorphine Treatment Like?" Farmington, CT: National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment. Villa, Lauren. "Methadone and Suboxone: What's the Difference Anyway?" Drugabuse.com. Waldorf, Dan, et al. Morphine Maintenance: The Shreveport Clinic 1919–1923—Special Studies No. 1. Washington, DC: Drug Abuse Council, April 1974. Whelan, Aubrey. "She Was Just out of Rehab. She Was Excited about the Future. Three Hours Later, She Was Dead." Philadelphia Inquirer, June 26, 2018. Winberg, Michaela. "Kensington's Famous Last Stop Addiction Recovery Center Prepares to Move." Billypenn.com, March 26, 2018.

Archival Sources:

Efootage.com. Richard Nixon "Law & Order" Speech—1968. Video. John Chancellor. "Washington, DC Heroin Addiction." NBC Evening News. February 4, 1971. Columbia Center for Oral History. Marie Nyswander, oral history. New York: Columbia University Libraries, Oral History Archives, 1981.

Our current devastating opioid crisis is unprecedented in its reach and deadliness, but it's not the first such epidemic the United States has experienced or tried to treat. In fact, it's the third.

Treating America's Opioid Addiction is a three-part series that investigates how we've understood and treated opioid addiction over more than a century. Through the years we've categorized opioid addiction as some combination of a moral failure, a mental illness, a biological disease, or a crime. And though we've desperately wanted the problem to be something science alone can solve, the more we look, the more complicated we learn it is.

Part 2 focuses on a controversial rehabilitation program called Synanon, which became the first significant therapeutic community for opioid addiction. From the time it opened its doors in 1958, it seemed to do what no other hospital, prison, or sanitarium had done before: cure the supposedly incurable heroin addict. But over the years its changing methods became increasingly questionable, and the controversy would ultimately lead to its demise. Despite its faults Synanon had a profound influence on subsequent generations of drug treatment programs—many of which still exist today.

CORRECTIONS: In the original episode we said that by the time John Stallone joined Synanon in 1965, stages two and three had been eliminated—meaning that there was no timeline for him to ever leave. In fact, the phasing out of those stages took longer to implement, and they were still in place when he arrived. This statement has been edited out of the updated audio version.

In the original episode David Deitch says that he found his dog hanging by a noose outside his house, and he believed that a member of Synanon was responsible. However, this story did not happen to David Deitch but to another former Synanon member named Jack Hurst. This story has been edited out of the updated audio version. All other statements made by David Deitch have been corroborated by other sources.

The original episode suggested that John Stallone left Synanon after the group's leaders started endorsing violence against children, but he left before years before the violence started. The original script read, "John left in 1972 because Dederich was asking parents to live separately from their children, to essentially turn them over to Synanon, and John and his wife didn't want to do that to their son. And they made the right decision." John Stallone: They started physically abusing the kids. They started using corporal punishment with the kids. They started hitting them and whatnot. It didn't turn out good at all." The audio version has been edited to replace "And they made the right decision" with "And years later something happened that made it clear they had made the right decision."

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Reporter: Mariel Carr with additional reporting by Meir Rinde Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison Photo illustration by Jay Muhlin

Our theme music was composed by Zach Young. Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.

Interviews:

Claire Clark, author of The Recovery Revolution: The Battle over Addiction Treatment in the United States. Nancy Campbell, historian and director of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. John Stallone, former Synanon member. David Deitch, former Synanon member, clinical and social psychologist, and emeritus professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.

Sources:

Claire Clark. The Recovery Revolution: The Battle over Addiction Treatment in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Synanon Foundation records, Online Archive of California, oac.cdlib.org/. Synanon Foundation Oral Histories, UCLA Library, Center for Oral History Research, Los Angeles. David Deitch. "Conversation with David Deitch." Addiction X (May 3, 2002), 791-800. Hillel Aron. "The Story of This Drug-Rehab-Turned-Violent Cult Is Wild, Wild, Country-Caliber Bizarre." Los Angeles Magazine, April 23, 2018. Matt Novak. "Synanon's Sober Utopia: How a Drug Rehab Program Became a Violent Cult." Gizmodo, Paleofuture, April 15, 2014.

Film excerpts from:

The Distant Drummer: Flower of Darkness. Washington, DC: Airlie Foundation and George Washington University Department of Medical and Public Affairs, 1972. David, 1961, Drew Associates. Instant Guide to Synanon: A Compilation of the Most Frequently Asked Questions about Our Foundation. Synanon, 1973. The House on the Beach. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1965. YouTube, posted on February 29, 2008. Synanon. Richard Quine, director. Columbia Pictures, 1965.

In our next episode we're continuing our three-part series on the history of opioid addiction treatment in the United States. And we're going back to the early 1960s, when the foundations for our modern opioid addiction treatment system were being built--starting with a controversial drug rehabilitation program called Synanon.

Tune in to our next episode, Synanon and the Tunnel Back to the Human Race, on September 18.

Our current devastating opioid crisis is unprecedented in its reach and deadliness, but it's not the first such epidemic the United States has experienced or tried to treat. In fact, it's the third.

Treating America's Opioid Addiction is a three-part series that investigates how we've understood and treated opioid addiction over more than a century. Through the years we've categorized opioid addiction as some combination of a moral failure, a mental illness, a biological disease, or a crime. And though we've desperately wanted the problem to be something science alone can solve, the more we look, the more complicated we learn it is.

Part 1 focuses on a government-run prison-hospital, the Narcotic Farm, just for people addicted to opioids. When it opened in 1935, it promised to find a cure for drug addiction.

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Reporter: Mariel Carr with additional reporting by Meir Rinde Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison

Our theme music was composed by Zach Young. Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.

Interviews:

Claire Clark, author of The Recovery Revolution: The Battle Over Addiction Treatment in the United States.

Nancy Campbell, historian and the head of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

John Stallone, former Narcotic Farm patient.

Sources:

Claire Clark, The Recovery Revolution: The Battle Over Addiction Treatment in the United States.

The Habit, Opioid Addiction in America, Backstory.

Inside the Story of America's 19th-Century Opiate Addiction, Smithsonian Magazine.

Films:

The Distant Drummer: Flower of Darkness The Distant Drummer: Bridge From No Place The Narcotic Farm

We're hard at work on our next season. Listen to the first episode on August 21st!

If you live in Los Angeles, or even if you've just visited, you know about smog. But what might surprise you is that a half-century ago the city's air quality was more unbearable, even though the city had far fewer cars.

In the final installment of our three-part series on environmental success stories, we tell you about Los Angeles's caveat-filled triumph over smog. The battle started in the 1940s and continues today, but along the way crucial pieces of technology and legislation helped clear the air—and forced the whole country to follow.

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison

Our theme music was composed by Zach Young. Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.

To research this episode we read Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles and interviewed its author, Chip Jacobs. We also interviewed Roger Turner, research fellow for the Beckman Legacy Project at the Science History Institute.

Tune in to the next episode of Distillations on June 26!

Remember acid rain? If you were a kid in the 1980s like our hosts were, the threat of poison falling from the sky probably made some kind of impression on your consciousness. But thanks to the work of scientists, government, the media, and the pope—that's right, the pope—the problem was fixed! Well, mostly fixed is probably more accurate.

This complicated story spans 27 years, six U.S. presidents, and ecologist Gene Likens's entire career. Discover the insidious details in the second chapter of our three-part series on environmental success stories.

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison Additional audio was recorded by David G. Rainey.

Image of Gene Likens by Phil Bradshaw of FreshFly.

We interviewed Rachel Rothschild, a former Science History Institute research fellow and Rumford Scholar, about her book, "Poisonous Skies: Acid Rain and the Globalization of Pollution." To research this episode we read her 2015 dissertation, A Poisonous Sky: Scientific Research and International Diplomacy on Acid Rain. We also read Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway (Bloomsbury, 2010).

We interviewed Gene Likens at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire in 2015 with Glenn Holsten and FreshFly. We interviewed him again in May 2018.

The following are the archival news clips we used as they appear in the episode:

Bettina Gregory, Tom Jarriel, and Bill Zimmerman. ABC Evening News, December 14, 1978.

Walter Cronkite and Jim Kilpatrick. "Environment: The Earth Revisited/Acid Rain." CBS Evening News, September 11, 1979.

Robert Bazell and John Chancellor. "Special Segment: Acid Rain." NBC Evening News, May 9, 1980.

"The MacNeil/Lehrer Report: Acid Rain," NewsHour Productions, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (Boston: WGBH; Washington, DC: Library of Congress), aired May 26, 1980, on PBS, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-pk06w9754b.

"The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour," NewsHour Productions, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (Boston: WGBH; Washington, DC: Library of Congress), aired on June 30, 1988, on PBS, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-b56d21s53c.

Tom Brokaw and Robert Hager. "Air Pollution: George Bush." NBC Evening News, November 15, 1990.

Our theme music was composed by Zach Young.

Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.

Tune in to the next episode of Distillations on May 22!

If you were around in the 1980s, you probably remember the lurking fear of an ominous hole in the sky. In the middle of the decade scientists discovered that a giant piece of the ozone layer was disappearing over Antarctica, and the situation threatened us all. The news media jumped on the story. The ozone layer is like the earth's sunscreen: without it ultraviolet rays from the sun would cause alarming rates of skin cancer and could even damage marine food chains. And it turns out we were causing the problem.

Today, more than three decades after the initial discovery, the ozone hole in Antarctica is finally on the road to recovery. How did we do it? This environmental success story gives us a glimpse into what happens when scientists, industry, the public, and the government all work together to manage a problem that threatens all of us. Happy Earth Day!

Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez

To research this episode we read Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway. We read, listened to, and used excerpts from an oral history with chemist Mario Molina that was conducted by the Science History Institute's Center for Oral History. We also interviewed atmospheric chemist Susan Solomon at MIT in 2016.

These are the archival news clips we used as they appear in the episode:

Dow, David; Quinn, Jane Bryant; Rather, Dan. "Ozone Layer," CBS Evening News. Aug 15, 1986. Hager, Robert; Seigenthaler, John. "Ozone Layer," NBC Evening News. Dec 3, 2000. Gibson, Charles; Blakemore, Bill. "Environment/Ozone Layer," ABC Evening News. Aug 22, 2006. Reasoner, Harry; Stout, Bill. "Supersonic Transport Vs. Concorde," CBS Evening News. Jan 1, 1969. Quinn, Jane Bryant; Rather, Dan. "Ozone Layer Depletion," CBS Evening News. Oct 20, 1986 Chancellor, John; Neal, Roy. "Special Report (Ozone)," NBC Evening News. Sep 24, 1975. Benton, Nelson; Cronkite, Walter. "Ozone/Fluorocarbons/ National Academy of Sciences Study," CBS Evening News. Sept 14, 1976. Brokaw, Tom; Hager, Robert. "Assignment Earth (Ozone Layer)," NBC Evening News. Feb 3, 1992.

Our theme music was composed by Zach Young.

Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.