Doctors Take the Mic

Dr. Gloria Wu and Darren walk through six research posters their team presented at ENDO 2026, the Endocrine Society's annual meeting, exploring AI and diabetes patient education. They start with two posters showing how a physician-built AI chatbot, restricted to trusted medical sources, can deliver clear and accurate health guidance that real patients found genuinely helpful. Then they dig into four posters that put commercial AI models like ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, and Claude to the test, revealing that these tools often give different medical advice — including different reading levels, specialist referrals, and treatment recommendations — depending on a patient's race and gender. The episode makes the case that AI can be a powerful tool for patient education, but only when clinicians are actively involved in building and checking it.

References:

1. Lin, T., Gonzalez, D., Hsiung, Y. Y., & Wu, G. (2026). Can clinicians build acceptable AI tools for diabetes education? [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 15, 2026.
2. Paliath-Pathiyal, H., Wu, G., Tewari, S., Toram, V., Toram, R., Gonzalez, D., Lin, T., & Tarkoff, J. (2026). Racial and gender bias in artificial intelligence guidance for pediatric type two diabetes [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 13, 2026.
3. Paliath-Pathiyal, H., Wu, G., Wang, M., Toram, V., Gonzalez, D., & Tarkoff, J. (2026). Race and gender differences in large language model responses for adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 14, 2026.
4. Lin, T., Gonzalez, D., Toram, R., & Paliath-Pathiyal, H., Wu, G. (2026). Can MDs create a LLM-chatbot for diabetes patient education? [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 13, 2026.
5. Tewari, S., Wu, G., Oggi, H., Paliath-Pathiyal, H., Wang, M., Toram, R., Tsay, J., Hsiung, Y. Y., & Tewari, S. (2026). Large language models, Asians, and the metabolic syndrome [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 2026.
6. Tsay, J., Hsiung, Y. Y., Oggi, H., Chim, I., Mansubi, N., Wang, M., & Wu, G. (2026). LLM for adolescent T1DM: Clinical gaps and gender bias [Abstract]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 10(Suppl_1). Poster presentation, Endocrine Society, Chicago, June 2026.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez, joined by Jordan Tsay and Kosuke Kimura, explore a striking paradox at the intersection of urban lighting, plant biology, and allergic disease, drawing on Artificial Light at Night Extends Pollen Season and Elevates Allergen Exposure, published in PNAS Nexus in 2026 by Brandt Geist, Lin Meng, Daniel S. W. Katz, Huidong Li, Franz Hölker, and Qian Xiao, a team led from Vanderbilt University. Pairing a decade of pollen counts with satellite measures of nighttime light across the Northeastern U.S., the researchers found that artificial light extends the pollen season at both ends — up to 130 additional pollen days a year between the darkest and brightest sites — while "severe" pollen days rose to 27 percent of the season versus 17 percent in darker areas. The effect may operate through two pathways at once: the same light that prolongs flowering in ragweed and London plane trees also disrupts the circadian regulation of allergic inflammation in humans. The loss of the night sky may be the most familiar consequence of urban lighting, but it may not be the most significant.

References:

Zaraska, M. (2026, June 4). Bright city lights might be making your allergies worse. The New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/04/climate/urban-light-pollution-pollen-allergies.html?eafs_enabled=false

Geist, B., Meng, L., Katz, D. S. W., Li, H., Hölker, F., & Xiao, Q. (2026). Artificial light at night extends pollen season and elevates allergen exposure. PNAS Nexus, 5(1), Article pgaf405. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf405

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez explore a striking paradox at the intersection of diabetes and neuroscience, drawing on Type 2 Diabetes Impairs Odour Detection, Olfactory Memory and Olfactory Neuroplasticity; Effects Partly Reversed by the DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin, published in Acta Neuropathologica Communications in 2018 by Grazyna Lietzau, William Davidsson, Claes-Göran Östenson, Fausto Chiazza, David Nathanson, Hiranya Pintana, Josefin Skogsberg, Thomas Klein, Thomas Nyström, Vladimer Darsalia, and Cesare Patrone of Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. Using a lean diabetic rat model, the researchers showed that type 2 diabetes causes a 50 percent collapse in olfactory neurogenesis, disables the brain's scent-regulating interneurons, and creates a 52 percent backlog of stalled memory cells in the piriform cortex — and that while a common diabetes drug beautifully rebuilt the cellular architecture, the rats still could not smell a thing.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez unpack a striking finding from Odor Olfactory Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Nutritional Factors, published in the Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine in 2025 by Kamyar Iravani, Aida Doostkam, Jamshid Roozbeh, Leila Malekmakan, Seyed Reza Kasaee, and Amir Soltaniesmaeili of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Over half of CKD patients and nearly 40 percent of diabetic patients had measurable smell loss — yet most had no idea. Dr. Wu breaks down the two completely different biological mechanisms driving olfactory damage in each disease, explains the counterintuitive LDL cholesterol finding, and makes the case for why a simple scratch-and-sniff test should become standard clinical practice for anyone living with chronic kidney disease or diabetes.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez explore one of the most surprising findings in recent neuroscience: simply diffusing essential oils in your bedroom for two hours each night led to a 226% improvement in memory scores among older adults. Drawing on Overnight Olfactory Enrichment Using an Odorant Diffuser Improves Memory and Modifies the Uncinate Fasciculus in Older Adults, published in Frontiers in Neuroscience in 2023 by Cynthia C. Woo, Blake Miranda, Mithra Sathishkumar, Farideh Dehkordi-Vakil, Michael A. Yassa, and Michael Leon of the University of California, Irvine, as well as the UCLA Health Ask the Doctors column by Dr. Eve Glazier and Dr. Elizabeth Ko, the episode unpacks why smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the brain's memory centers — and how that biological shortcut makes nighttime aromatherapy a genuinely viable, zero-effort tool for protecting the aging brain.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez explore a surprising finding from the 2015 study The Effect of Olfactory Stimuli on the Balance Ability of Stroke Patients, published in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science by Mi-Na Gim, Sang-bin Lee, Kyung-Tae Yoo, Ji-Young Bae, Mi-Kyoung Kim, and Jung-Hyun Choi of Namseoul University in South Korea. The study found that simply smelling black pepper or lavender oil produced measurable improvements in the balance of chronic stroke patients — and the neuroscience behind why is fascinating. The episode unpacks why standing upright is one of the brain's most demanding tasks, how smell and balance share the same neural highways, and why closing your eyes completely cancels out the effect of the scent.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez unpack one of the most urgent crises in modern healthcare: a $4.5 trillion chronic disease epidemic driven largely by what Americans eat. Drawing on What Does Food is Medicine Mean?, published by the Columbia University Institute of Human Nutrition at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, and Dr. Wu's own clinical observations as an ophthalmologist, they trace the food is medicine movement from ancient Persian wound care and Hippocrates all the way to modern medically tailored meals being prescribed in clinical settings today. The episode explores the biology of how diet programs your immune system, disrupts or heals your gut microbiome, and either fuels or reverses chronic disease — and asks whether health insurance should one day cover groceries instead of prescriptions.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez unpack a striking statistic: tennis players live an average of 9.7 years longer than sedentary individuals. Drawing on Dr. Wu's research notes on racket sports and dementia prevention, and on Bozyiğit, Karagöz, Karsai, and Tornóczky's 2026 study Contribution of Tennis Involvement to Successful Aging: The Case of Masters Tennis Players, published in Sports journal, they explore why it's not just playing tennis that matters — it's how you relate to the game psychologically. The episode reveals a surprising villain in the data and makes the case that the secret to aging well might simply be having fun with other people.

In this episode, Dr. Wu and co-host Darren Gonzalez explore how a team of researchers is engineering a solution to one of emergency medicine's most overlooked problems — the involuntary freeze response triggered by traumatic smells in the field. Drawing on Framework for Microdosing Odors in Virtual Reality for Psychophysiological Stress Training, published in Sensors journal in 2024 by Daniel Anheuer, Brid Karacan, Lara Herzog, Nora Weigel, Silja Meyer-Nieberg, Thomas Gebhardt, Jessica Freiherr, Martin Richter, Armin Leopold, Monika Eder, Marko Hofmann, Karl-Heinz Renner, and Cornelia Küsel of the Fraunhofer Institute and the University of the Bundeswehr Munich, they break down how piezoelectric micropumps, Teflon tubing, invisible scent bubbles in Unreal Engine 5, and real-time physiological monitoring combine to condition paramedics and emergency commanders to stay focused under the most visceral sensory stress imaginable — and what this technology could mean for PTSD therapy and cognitive rehabilitation beyond the battlefield.

Summary:

"The Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Americas," by Zulma M. Cucunubá, Fernando Abad-Franch, and colleagues, published in The Lancet Regional Health – Americas (2024), reviews how Trypanosoma cruzi spreads via insect vectors, congenital, oral, and transfusion routes. Despite control efforts by WHO and PAHO, millions remain infected, often undiagnosed. The authors emphasize parasite genetic diversity, socioeconomic disparities, and the need for improved surveillance, diagnosis, treatment access, and long-term vector control strategies.

Citation:

Cucunubá, Z. M., Gutiérrez-Romero, S. A., Ramírez, J.-D., Velásquez-Ortiz, N., Ceccarelli, S., Parra-Henao, G., Henao-Martínez, A. F., Rabinovich, J., Basáñez, M.-G., Nouvellet, P., & Abad-Franch, F. (2024). The epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Americas. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 37, 100881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100881