RAG is one of the most popular LLM programs we have seen. RAG typically consists of two components of retrieve and then generate. Within the generate component we have a prompt like "please ground your answer based on the search results {search_results}". DSPy gives us a framework to optimize this prompt, bootstrap few-shot examples, or even fine-tune the model if needed. This works by compiling the program based on some evaluation criteria we give DSPy. Now let's say we add a query re-writer that takes the query and writes a new query before sending it to the retrieval system, and a reranker that takes the search results and re-orders them before handing them to the answer generator. Now we have 4 components of query writer, retrieve, rerank, answer. The 3 components of query writer, rerank, and answer all have a prompt that can be optimized with DSPy to enhance the description of the task or add examples! This optimization is done with DSPy's Teleprompters.

There are a few other really interesting components to DSPy as well -- such as the formatting of prompts with the docstrings and Signature abstraction, which in my view is quite similar to instructor or LMQL. DSPy also comes with built-in prompts like Chain-of-Thought that offer a really quick way to add this reasoning step and follow a structured output format. I am having so much fun learning about DSPy and I highly recommend you join me in viewing the GitHub repository linked below (with new examples!!):

Omar also discusses ColBERT and late interaction retrieval! Omar describes how this achieves the contextualized attention of cross encoders but in a much more scalable system with the maximum similarity between vectors! Stay tuned for more updates from Weaviate as we are diving into multi vector representations to hopefully support systems like this soon!