Michael Lovenheim talks about how grade retention affects students' later criminal activity.

"The Effect of Grade Retention on Adult Crime: Evidence From a Test-Based Promotion Policy" by Ozkan Eren, Michael F. Lovenheim, and Naci H. Mocan.

OTHER RESEARCH WE DISCUSS IN THIS EPISODE:

“In school and out of trouble: The minimum dropout age and juvenile crime” by D. Mark Anderson.

“The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports” by Lance Lochner and Enrico Moretti.

“Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling” by Philip Oreopolous and Kjell G. Salvanes.

“The crime reducing effect of education” by Stephen Machin, Olivier Marie, and Sunčica Vujić.

“Compulsory education and the benefits of schooling” by Melvin Stephens Jr.and Dou-Yan Yang.

“Better schools, less crime?” by David Deming.

“The effect of school choice on participants: Evidence from randomized lotteries” by Julie Berry Cullen, Brian A. Jacob, and Steven Levitt.

“The effect of grade retention on high school completion” by Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren.

“How the timing of grade retention affects outcomes: Identification and estimation of time-varying treatment effects” by Jane Cooley Fruehwirth, Salvador Navarro, and Yuya Takahashi.

“Grade retention, postsecondary education, and public aid receipt” by Suh-Ruu Ou and Arthur J. Reynolds.

“The effects of test-based retention on student outcomes over time: Regression discontinuity evidence from Florida” by Guido Schwerdt, Martin R. West, and Marcus A. Winters.

“Test-based promotion policies, dropping out, and juvenile crime” by Ozkan Eren, Briggs Depew, and Stephen Barnes.

“Breaking bad: Mechanisms of social influence and the path to criminality in juvenile jails” by Megan Stevenson.