One of the Birkot Ha'shahar is "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla." The common translation of this blessing is, "…who gives the rooster the understanding to distinguish between day and night." According to this understanding, this Beracha praises G-d for granting the rooster the wondrous ability to know that dawn has occurred, when the first rays of light appear on the eastern sky. The moment of dawn is not readily discernible to the naked eye (as opposed to the sunrise, which is clearly seen), and yet the rooster has the ability to know when this occurs, and to crow to wake people up. Others, however, interpret the word "Sechvi" to mean "heart." According to this understanding, the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina" thanks Hashem for giving us human beings the wisdom of distinction, to differentiate between day and night, between right and wrong, and between truth and falsehood. The Arizal advanced a deeper understanding of this Beracha, according to the teachings of Kabbalah. He said that at night, when dark falls, strict judgment descends into the world, which poses danger. For this reason, the Kabbalists in earlier generations would go to sleep right at nightfall. At Hasot (Halachic midnight), the Arizal taught, the judgments become "sweetened," and are less strict. This process unfolds gradually until morning, when the attribute of Hesed, divine kindness, prevails. Therefore, the righteous Kabbalists would arise at midnight and pray until the morning. The Arizal explained on this basis why we find two Hebrew words for nighttime – "Layil" and "Layla." The difference between them is the letter Heh, which is added to the word "Layil" to form "Layla." In Kabbalah, the letter Heh signifies a sphere called "Bina" (literally, "understanding"), which is also called "Ima" – "mother." A mother, even when she needs to deal strictly with her children to educate them, always feels a significant measure of love and compassion toward them. The term "Layla," then, which ends with the letter Heh, refers to the second half of the night, when the strict judgments are mitigated by love and kindness. The word "Layil" refers to the first part of the night, when the judgments are as yet unmitigated. The Arizal explained that in the Beracha "Ha'noten La'sechvi Bina," we refer to the angel Gabriel, whose name signifies the attribute of "Gebura" (literally, "power"), which is associated with strict judgment. Starting at Hasot, Hashem lends Gabriel the quality of "Bina," sweetening the judgments until morning. (Needless to say, these are very deep concepts which lie beyond our comprehension and require further study.) Ashkenazim recite a slightly different text of this Beracha – "Asher Natan La'sechvi Bina La'havhin Ben Yom U'ben Layla," based on a verse in the Book of Iyob ("O Mi Natan La'sechvi Bina" – 38:36). This version is formulated in past tense, praising G-d "who has granted" this wisdom. Sephardic tradition, however, teaches that this Beracha, like all the morning blessings, should be recited in the present tense. The Aruch Ha'shulhan (Rav Yehiel Michel Epstein of Nevardok, 1829-1908) explains that Birkot Ha'shahar are formulated in the present tense because Hashem creates the world anew at every moment, and thus all the phenomena for which we praise Him in these Berachot are occurring right now, at this very moment. As we say in the morning prayer service, in the first Beracha before Shema, "Ha'mehadesh Be'tubo Be'chol Yom Tamid Ma'aseh Bereshit" – Hashem constantly renews the act of creation, each and every day. A human being who creates – such as a carpenter, who produces a piece of furniture – makes his creation and then leaves it and completely disengages. Hashem, however, did not create the world just once – He is constantly creating it anew. Thus, we thank Hashem who is granting us the ability to see at this moment, who is giving us clothing to wear at this moment, who is giving us the ability to stand up straight at this moment, and so on. This fundamental concept has crucially important ramifications for our Emuna (faith), our belief that situations can change. No matter what we're going through, whatever problem or crisis we're facing, we need to believe that the current moment is not connected to the previous moment, and the next moment in the future has no connection to the current moment. Hashem is constantly creating anew, and so at any moment in time He can create an entirely new reality. A deaf person recites this Beracha, even though he cannot hear the rooster's crow in the morning, for several reasons. Firstly, as discussed, this Beracha has a number of different meanings, and does not necessarily refer only to the crowing of the rooster. Additionally, Halacha follows the opinion that Birkot Ha'shahar are recited to thank Hashem not for one's having personally experienced the phenomena mentioned in these blessings, but rather for the phenomena themselves, for the very fact that Hashem has made them part of the natural order. Hence, even if a person does not personally benefit from the crowing of the rooster, he is required to praise Hashem for making this happen each morning.