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This source examines the evolution of revolutionary thought and action in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly focusing on the dominance of national revolutionaries after the Napoleonic era. It details how the earlier universal ideals of the French Revolution shifted towards national goals, with Italy and Poland highlighted as key centers for nationalist movements and theorists of revolutionary violence. The text also explores the rise of social revolution as a rival to nationalism, highlighting the influence of figures like Buonarroti and the emergence of new ideologies like socialism and communism, often disseminated through evolving forms of revolutionary journalism.