In this episode of the Fresh Thinking podcast, Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Geology Consultant) is joined by Dr Leon Lorenzen (Executive Consultant Metallurgy) to talk about the practical realities of geometallurgy and why linking geology, mineralogy and processing really matters.

The conversation draws on real project experience, highlighting the risks of disconnects between resource models and plant performance, especially for complex ore bodies.

A thoughtful discussion for geologists, metallurgists and mine planners working with increasingly challenging deposits.

Key moments from the episode: 1:45 – Why geometallurgical models are often created but not used in operations 3:50 – How hardness, mineralogy and recovery should feed into daily plant decisions 6:40 – The challenge of limited data and confidence in geomet modelling 9:10 – Why sulphides, preg-robbing carbon and mineral associations matter 16:50 – When a geometallurgical model really is essential, and when it may not be

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Gregory or Leon: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms - including YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZm0zjSNmpo27fX_tfI79Yzhxy3VXjvMt

Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team. Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) is joined by Joseph A. Dos Santos (Joe) (Dos Santos International, Marietta, Georgia) to explore high-angle conveying and the sandwich conveyor.

They break down how sandwich conveyors "hug" the material between two belts to move bulk solids up steep inclines, where conventional conveying or trucking can become impractical. The discussion covers how this technology is applied in mining, what it can handle, and what to consider when comparing high-angle conveying against other haulage and lifting options.

Key moments 00:01:05 – What is a sandwich conveyor? 00:02:27 – How sandwich conveyors handle extreme angles (including the "hugging" mechanism). 00:09:09 – Where high-angle conveying fits compared with truck haulage and other systems. 00:21:17 – Real-world scale example: vertical lift, capacity, and what that looks like in practice. 00:40:24 – "Mining on Mars" and why high-angle conveying comes up in off-world concepts.

If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Joe: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Dos Santos International: Dos Santos International (DSI) is the world's foremost authority on Sandwich Belt high angle conveyors, founded and led by the inventor of the system, Joseph A. Dos Santos. DSI has been advancing bulk material handling solutions since 1997. With the invention of and advances in Sandwich Belt High Angle Conveyors, the development and utilization of their Expanded Conveyor Technology, and most recently, the patented Adder Snake Conveyors, we're engineering ideal solutions for some of the world's most challenging bulk material handling applications. Contact: [email protected]

In this episode of the Fresh Thinking Podcast, Principal Consultant Matt Walker (now Senior Resource Geologist with Genesis Minerals) sat down with Snowden Optiro's Executive Consultant Ian Glacken to explore the value of mentoring in geoscience.

Ian reflects on the mentors who shaped his long career, the soft and technical skills geologists need today, and his advice for those aspiring to move into resource geology. Whether you're early in your career or guiding the next generation, this conversation offers practical insights, lessons learned, and industry wisdom.

Key Timestamps 1:00 – Ian's early mentors and their influence 5:31 – The importance of soft skills in geology 7:38 – What makes an effective mentor 8:03 – Advice for aspiring resource geologists 10:43 – Essential skills for modern resource geology

If you would like to contact Ian: [email protected]

🎧 Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally – you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting, and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors, and investors. We help mine developers advance their projects, mining companies improve their operations, and investors de-risk their investments by providing quality advice, training, and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

🌐 Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Mineable Shape Optimisation (MSO) sits at the intersection of geology, mining engineering, and economics. Used well, it helps teams move beyond theoretical resources and towards designs that reflect what will actually be mined.

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Resource Geologist) and Hamish Guthrie (Managing Consultant - Mining) discuss how MSO works, why it matters, and where it can add real value.

They discuss the economic logic behind MSO, the importance of geological understanding, and how assumptions around cost, dilution, and mining method influence the outcomes.

Key moments 00:02 – What MSO is and why it's used in underground mining 01:53 – The economic logic behind MSO and cut-off decisions 02:48 – Geological inputs that matter most for MSO outcomes 04:49 – How MSO actually works under the hood 06:13 – Comparing underground MSO with open pit optimisation 08:09 – Using MSO to manage dilution in narrow vein deposits 10:30 – Sensitivities, parameters, and study-level considerations 11:17 – Common pitfalls and how to avoid them 14:49 – A practical MSO workflow: inputs, outputs, and communication

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Gregory or Hamish: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) is joined by Markus Dammers (Director, IPCC & Conveyors, Metso) to talk about what IPCC really means in practice, and whether "strategic conveying" is a more useful way to frame the conversation.

They explore the spectrum of IPCC options (fixed, semi-mobile and fully mobile), where value is actually created (and lost) in mine planning, what people often miss when they consider in-pit systems, and how lead times, standardisation and decarbonisation assumptions influence decisions.

Key timestamps: 1:24 What does "IPCC" actually cover (and why it's often used as an umbrella term)? 3:37 IPCC's real purpose: reducing trucks, not always eliminating them 5:39 Is "strategic conveying" a better term than IPCC? 7:25 Fully mobile (truckless) IPCC: where it works, and why hard rock is challenging 12:30 In-pit crushers: the planning and operational complications people underestimate 18:53 Lead times, standardisation and improving study-to-delivery pathways 24:41 Decarbonisation: diesel, carbon assumptions, and balancing ESG with economics 29:57 Wrap-up and how to learn more

If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Markus: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Metso: Metso is a frontrunner in sustainable technologies, end-to-end solutions and services for the aggregates, minerals processing and metals refining industries globally. Metso's in-pit crush and convey (IPCC) solutions provide the highest energy efficiency and productivity for mine electrification programs. The Metso IPCC portfolio includes crushing, conveying and stacking equipment, which are flexible, modular and designed to be integrated together. For more information: https://www.metso.com/

#mining #IPCC #inpitcrushingandconveying #conveyors #mineplanning #decarbonisation #engineering #metso #snowdenoptiro

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Gregory (Greg) Zhang and Jenny Dalrymple, both Senior Consultants at Snowden Optiro, share how automation and scripting can transform the mineral resource estimation process - saving time, improving accuracy, and creating an auditable, repeatable workflow.

From Python scripting and macros to block model estimation and LUC workflows, Greg and Jenny explain how practical automation can make complex resource estimation tasks far more efficient.

⏱️ This podcast at a glance: 00:41 – Using scripting to automate mineral resource estimation 02:18 – Python and Datamine: speeding up exploratory data analysis 03:23 – From internal tools to standalone software - developed by our consultants 04:01 – How macros streamline LUC and MIK workflows 07:25 – Why workflow automation matters for small and large projects 08:22 – Macros as an audit trail for peer review and project handovers 08:50 – How to get started writing your first macro 09:51 – Practical advice for beginners in scripting and automation 10:19 – Final thoughts and closing remarks

If you would like to contact Greg or Jenny: [email protected]

🎧 Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally – you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting, and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors, and investors. We help mine developers advance their projects, mining companies improve their operations, and investors de-risk their investments by providing quality advice, training, and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

🌐 Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Tarrant Elkington (Snowden Optiro General Manager) joins Susan Havlin (Managing Consultant APAC) to explore the all-too-common disconnect between geologists and mining engineers.

Tarrant talks about the results from the more than 100 professionals that generously responded to his survey - helping geologists and engineers understand how differences in approach, communication, and expectations can impact project success.

Tune in to hear what both sides really think - and how better collaboration can make all the difference.

Key Time Points: 0:42 – How the idea for the "Interface Challenge" talk came about 1:56 – What is "the interface" between geologists and mining engineers? 2:46 – Why communication breakdowns can impact project success 3:44 – Insights from surveying over 100 professionals 5:00 – What questions were asked in the survey (and how long it really took!) 6:15 – Are geologists and mining engineers aligned – or speaking different languages? 7:30 – The preparation stage: Do geologists and engineers actually talk before modelling? 9:34 – Model handover: why documentation matters 10:43 – What's inside a good resource model (and what's often missing) 12:00 – Advanced estimation methods – how common are they really? 14:24 – Recoverable models and misunderstandings in mine planning 15:44 – Dilution: who's responsible, the geologist or the mining engineer? 17:09 – Surprising results from the survey 18:38 – Why perception gaps exist between the two disciplines 19:45 – Practical steps to improve collaboration and communication

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Susan: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Who we are: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

For training or consulting enquiries: training(at)snowdenoptiro.com contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Hamish Guthrie (Managing Consultant – Mining) joins Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Consultant – Geology) to explore the fundamentals of cost estimation across the mining study pipeline.

Hamish shares practical insights from his more than 30 years in the industry, including the importance of understanding project scale and matching the level of effort to the study stage.

If you're involved in study work, project evaluation, cost modelling or operational planning, this conversation will give you clear, practical guidance you can apply straight away.

Key Timestamps 00:31 – What Is Cost Estimation? 00:56 – Cost Estimation Across Study Levels 01:10 – Data Sources for Cost Estimation 01:58 – Scoping Study Accuracy 02:32 – Pre-feasibility Study Accuracy 03:19 – Feasibility Study Expectations 04:23 – Basis of Estimate (BOE) 05:16 – Common Pitfalls 06:38 – Key Takeaway

If you would like to contact Hamish and Greg: [email protected]

🎧 Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally – you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting, and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors, and investors. We help mine developers advance their projects, mining companies improve their operations, and investors de-risk their investments by providing quality advice, training, and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

🌐 Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Dr Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) and Markus Dammers (Director IPCC & Conveyors, Metso) explore their rapid screening tool designed to speed up evaluation of In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) options.

They discuss how the model helps mining operations quickly assess economic viability, reduce decision uncertainty, and identify where IPCC truly makes sense - saving valuable study time and capital.

If you're in mine planning, haulage optimisation, or exploring electrification and sustainability in mining, this episode is packed with insight.

Key Points & Timeline 1:00 – Why the Paper and Model Were Developed The challenge of evaluating IPCC options and the need for a quick, macro-economic decision framework. 3:30 – Complexity of IPCC Decisions Discussing parameters such as pit depth, relocation timing, and haulage versus conveying trade-offs. 4:00 – Origins of the Rapid Screening Tool How a practical spreadsheet model evolved to assess the feasibility of IPCC across multiple projects. 6:00 – Key Inputs and Parameters Understanding capacity, conveyor length and lift, and the dynamic relationship between truck and conveyor economics. 8:00 – Macro-Economic Viewpoint Why early-stage, big-picture modelling matters for major mine investment decisions. 9:00 – How the Model Works Overview of how the Excel-based tool compares IPCC and trucking using NPV, IRR, and payback calculations. 11:00 – Ore vs Waste Applications How the economics differ when applying IPCC to ore versus waste haulage scenarios. 12:00 – Building Reliable Cost Models Markus explains Metso's structured approach to estimating realistic capital and operating costs for crushers and conveyors. 15:00 – Accounting for Excavation and Ramp Design Tarrant explains the importance of considering excavation and pit geometry in cost evaluation. 17:00 – Case Study Results Findings from applying the tool to typical mining scenarios, comparing ex-pit and in-pit setups. 19:00 – Economic Sensitivities and Insights Discussion of throughput, lift, and distance variables — and how they shape viability. 21:00 – Waste IPCC Economics Why higher capacities and longer distances are needed to make waste IPCC feasible. 23:00 – Future Improvements and Next Steps Potential refinements to the tool and how it could support more dynamic project planning. 2 4:30 – Closing Thoughts How to access or apply the model for your own operation and where to contact the speakers.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Markus: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Metso: Metso is a frontrunner in sustainable technologies, end-to-end solutions and services for the aggregates, minerals processing and metals refining industries globally. Metso's in-pit crush and convey (IPCC) solutions provide the highest energy efficiency and productivity for mine electrification programs. The Metso IPCC portfolio includes crushing, conveying and stacking equipment, which are flexible, modular and designed to be integrated together. For more information: https://www.metso.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Gregory Zhang is joined by Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant at Snowden Optiro, to discuss the crucial role of grade control drilling and modelling.

Grade control may seem like a technical detail, but it sits at the very heart of every successful mining operation. From reducing risk and maximising value, to ensuring accurate sampling and modelling, Ian shares insights from decades of experience helping mines achieve better outcomes.

Whether you're a geologist, mining engineer, or simply curious about how mines make critical decisions, this episode explains why grade control matters and how to get it right.

Key moments: 0:00 – Introduction to the podcast and speakers 1:01 – Why grade control is essential for profitable mining 2:47 – Importance of sampling quality and timing 3:20 – RC drilling vs blast hole drilling: which is best? 4:42 – Underground grade control: diamond drilling and face sampling 6:01 – Common issues with face sampling and how to address them 7:30 – Choosing the right drilling method for your operation 8:27 – How geology influences grade control strategies 8:40 – The JORC Code and reporting requirements for grade control 10:34 – Why grade control isn't "ground truth" but still vital 12:14 – Final thoughts and takeaways

If you would like to contact Ian or Greg: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Who we are: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

For training or consulting enquiries: training(at)snowdenoptiro.com contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com